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BN541 Topic 1 > Topic 9 > Flashcards

Topic 9 Flashcards

1
Q

which 2 muscles help control the temperature of the testes?

A
  • The tunica dartos: a layer of smooth sub-cutaneous muscle, contraction of which thickens the scrotal wall and brings the testes closer to the body.
  • The cremaster muscle: associated with the spermatic cords can raise or lower the testes.
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2
Q

where is sperm produced?

A

seminiferous tubules

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3
Q

seminiferous tubules converge to one side of the testes to form what?

A

rete testis

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4
Q

efferent ducts run form the rete testis to the?

A

Epididymis

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5
Q

Transportation of mature sperm during ejaculation is completed by which part?

A

Vas deferens

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6
Q

what are the areas involved in the transportation of sperm during ejaculation?

A

Scrotum within spermatic cord > through inguinal canal > pelvic cavity > ends in ampulla > joins seminal vesicle duct > forms ejaculatory duct > prostatic urethra

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7
Q

what is the role of the epididymus?

A
  • Site of sperm storage and maturation

- Sperm is ejaculated from the epididymis and not directly from the testes.

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8
Q

what are the 3 internal glands of the male reproductive system?

A
  • Seminal valves
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral glands
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9
Q

what is the role of seminal valves?

A
  • Their ducts join the vas deferens.
  • Secretes fluids and substances which constitute 60% of the semen.
  • Sperm and the seminal fluid mix in the ejaculatory duct.
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10
Q

what is the role of the prostate gland?

A

The secretions contain milky fluid and enzymes that contribute to semen.

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11
Q

what is the role of the bulbourethral glands?

A

Secrete mucus (lubricant) during sexual excitement and ejaculation

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12
Q

what are the 3 parts of the penis?

A
  1. Root (attached)
  2. Free shaft or body
  3. Enlarged tip (glans penis)
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13
Q

what are the 3 erectile bodies?

A
  • One corpus spongiosum
  • a pair of corpora cavernosa
  • Sexual excitation causes erectile bodies to engorge with blood allowing erection
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14
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the male urethra?

A
  • prostatic urethra
  • membranous urethra
  • spongy (or penile) urethra
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15
Q

what are the 2 general functions of the female reproductive system?

A
  • Production of gametes (ova, or eggs)

- Preparation for support of developing embryo during pregnancy

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16
Q

what are the 5 parts of the female reproductive system?

A 
1 The paired ovaries 
2 Paired uterine/fallopian tubes
3 Uterus 
4 The vagina
5 The vulva
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17
Q

which 3 ligaments support the ovaries

A
  • Broad ligament
  • Suspensory ligament of the ovary
  • Ovarian ligament
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18
Q

what are the 2 functions of the ovaries?

A
  • Oogenesis, production of female gametes

- Secretion of the female sex hormones, oestrogen and progesterone.

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19
Q

what is the structure of the ovaries?

A
  • Covered by a fibrous capsule
  • Outer cortex houses developing gametes (the oocytes) within follicles
  • Inner medulla is loose connective tissue with large vessels and nerves
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20
Q

function of fallopian tubes

A
  • Transports the ovum to the uterus
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21
Q

structure of fallopian tubes

A
  • Inner lining is covered with ciliated epithelium

- Beating cilia and muscular peristalsis propel egg to uterus

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22
Q

function of the uterus

A
  • Site of development of the foetus
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23
Q

what are the 4 parts of the uterus

A
  • The fundus: the dome-shaped portion above the uterine tubes
  • The corpus: the main body of the uterus
  • The isthmus: a region below the corpus where the uterus narrows
  • The cervix: a narrow neck-like extension that protrudes into the vagina.
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24
Q

which structures support the uterus?

A
  • Mesometrium
  • Cardinal ligament
  • Round ligament
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25
Q

what are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A
  • Perimetrium
  • Myometrium
  • Endometrium
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26
Q

structure and function of the perimetrium

A
  • outer serous membrane connective tissue

- sheath continuous with the ligaments that support the uterus.

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27
Q

structure and function of the myometrium

A
  • middle muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • contracts during child birth
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28
Q

structure and function of the endometrium

A
  • inner mucosal lining
  • Place where the embryo implants
  • Functional layer sheds during menstruation
  • Basal layer does not shed
  • Rich in blood vessels and secretory glands
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29
Q

what are the two layers of the endometrium?

A
  • Stratum functionalis (functional layer)- Sheds if there is no implantation
  • Stratum basalis (basal layer)- Does not shed
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30
Q

what are the 3 layers of the vagina?

A
  • Adventitia
  • Muscularis
  • Mucosa
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31
Q

what are the 6 parts making up the external genitalia?

A
  • Mons pubis
  • Labia (lips) majora
  • Labia minora
  • Vestibule
  • Clitoris
  • Perineum
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32
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

The process by which mature spermatozoa (sperm) are produced in the testes

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33
Q

when does spermatogenesis begin?

How long does the process take?

A
  • Begins at puberty

- the process takes about 60 to 70 days

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34
Q

what are the 3 stages of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Formation of spermatocytes
  2. Meiosis
  3. Spermiogenesis
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35
Q

what type of cells have a haploid number i.e. one set of chromosomes?
what type of cell division do these cells undertake?

A
  • Gametes (sperm and egg)

- Meiotic cell division produces haploid cells

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36
Q

what type of cells have a diploid number i.e. 2 sets of chromosomes?
what type of cell division maintains this number?

A
  • Zygote and all body cells (somatic cells) other than the gametes
  • Mitotic cell division maintains diploid number
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37
Q

what are spermatogonia?

A
  • undifferentiated male germ cell.
  • Divide by mitosis to produce spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes
  • diploid
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38
Q

what happens to primary spermatocytes after 1st meiotic division?

A
  • produce two secondary spermatocytes

- These are haploid (possess only 23 chromosomes)

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39
Q

what happens to the secondary spermatocyte?

A
  • Undergoes meiosis II to become two spermatids (n)
40
Q

what is the end result of spermatogenesis of one spermatogonium?

A
  • A total of four spermatids (n) from one spermatogonium (2n)
41
Q

what happens during the third stage of spermatogenesis?

A

-Spermatids (n) differentiate into sperm (n).

42
Q

what are the 3 parts of a sperm?

A

Head:

  • contain nucleus with chromatid (genetic material)
  • Acrosome with enzymes for penetrating egg

Midpiece:
- mitochondria spiralled around the core of the tail

Tail:
- is an elaborate flagellum (allows sperm to swim)

43
Q

where do sperm leave the testes?

A
  • efferent ductules

- only once they have left the testes can they swim

44
Q

how long does it take sperm to mature on the epididymis?

A

20 days

45
Q

which 2 hormones control spermatogenesis?

A
  • FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) from anterior pituitary gland
  • Testosterone (primary male hormone, produced by testes)
46
Q

what is oogenesis?

A
  • The process by which mature ova (plural; singular- ovum) are formed in the ovary, particularly within the follicles.
47
Q

when does oogenesis start?

A
  • foetal period
48
Q

what are Oogonia?

A
  • Stem cells that undergo repeated mitotic division to create primary oocytes
49
Q

what is an oocyte?

A
  • immature egg/ovum
  • Oocytes are in their early stage of meiosis I at the time of birth
  • called primary oocyte (2n) - development arrested
  • No more oocytes (immature egg) made after about 7th month
50
Q

what happens to the primary oocyte after puberty?

A
  • FSH rescues a small number of growing follicles each month

- meiosis I in primary oocytes (2n) is completed.

51
Q

what is the result of meiosis I in primary oocytes?

A
  • first polar body (n) and secondary oocyte (n)
52
Q

what happens to the secondary oocyte?

A
  • arrested in meiosis II

- released during Ovulation

53
Q

when does meiosis II occur in secondary oocyte and wha is the result?

A
  • Meiosis II not completed unless sperm penetrates its plasma membrane (fertilisation)
  • Of the four daughter cells, only one becomes ovum (n), the other three becomes polar bodies.
54
Q

what happens during the follicular stage of the ovarian cycle?

A
  • Oocyte develops within a follicle
  • Stimulated by Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Oestrogen is produced by the ovarian follicles
55
Q

what is the zona pellucida?

A

Oocyte develops a protective (glycoprotein coat) eggshell

56
Q

what is the corona radiata?

A

the surrounding coat of granulosa cells

57
Q

what is a graafian follicle?

A

A fully mature, ready to ovulate follicle

58
Q

what occurs during the ovulation phase?

A
  • The secondary oocyte (egg) is released from follicle, ovarian wall ruptures
  • still surrounded by zona pellucida and corona radiata
  • picked up by fimbria of fallopian tube
  • Signal for ovulation is LH (Luteinizing hormone) surge
59
Q

what happens during the luteal phase?

A
  • Corpus luteum develops from exploded follicle
  • Produces progesterone and oestrogen (Progesterone stimulates uterus to be ready for baby)
  • If no pregnancy, corpus luteum degenerates
60
Q

what is embryology?

A

The branch of biology that is concerned with the study of embryos and their development.

61
Q

what is capacitation?

A

changes to the sperm that allow it to fertilise the secondary oocyte which involves:

  • enhanced motility and vigorous tail beating
  • sperm membranes become fragile in order to release acrosomal enzymes.
62
Q

how long is the secondary oocyte viable for after release from ovary?

A

12-24 hours

63
Q

what is polyspermy?

A

depolarisation/ changes that occur on the surface of the fertilised ovum to prevent other sperm from binding and entering

64
Q

what are the events leading to fertilization? (5)

A
  1. Sperm binds to receptors on zona pellucida
  2. Acrosomal reaction – enzymes digest a slit
  3. Sperm passes through zona and binds to sperm-binding receptors
  4. Fusion of a single sperm’s plasma membrane with oocyte’s plasma membrane
  5. Cortical reaction: sperm receptors are destroyed in zona so no more sperm can enter. Sperm nucleus is engulfed by egg’s cytoplasm
65
Q

what happens to sperm after penetration?

A
  • Sperm sheds its tail.

- Its nucleus increases in size and develops into the male pronucleus and seeks the nucleus of the oocyte.

66
Q

what happens to the secondary oocyte after sperm penetration?

A
  • Secondary Oocyte completes meiosis II
  • The ovum (mature egg) and the 2nd polar body are formed.
  • Ovum nucleus swells and becomes the female pronucleus.
67
Q

what happens once male and female pronucleus have formed?

A
  • The DNA replicates within the male and female pronuclei
  • The pronuclei approach one another
  • A spindle develops between them
  • Their membranes rupture and their chromosomes are released
  • When the two haploid pronuclei fuse, they form a diploid segmentation nucleus
68
Q

what is a zygote?

A

a diploid fertilised cell consisting of a segmentation nucleus, cytoplasm and surrounded by a membrane.

69
Q

what are the 4 stages of embryology?

A
  1. Mitotic cell division
  2. Formation of the Morula
  3. Formation of Blastocyst
  4. Implantation
70
Q

what happens during mitotic cell division?

A
  • Increase in the number of cells
  • no increase in size of developing organism
  • 1st cleavage begins 24 hours after fertilisation and takes about 6 hours
  • The resulting cells are called blastomeres
  • These divide to produce four cells, then eight and so on.
71
Q

what is the morula?

A

A solid mass of 16 or more cells/blastomeres about the same size as the original zygote

72
Q

what is a blastocyst?

A
  • A hollow ball of hundreds of cells consisting of:
  • An outer covering of cells called the trophectoderm
  • An inner cell mass (20 to 30 cells)
  • A fluid filled cavity called the blastocyst cavity/ blastocoel
73
Q

what becomes of the trophectoderm of the blasocyst?

A
  • will become a part of the chorion (one of the extraembryonic membranes)
74
Q

what becomes of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst?

A
  • One part later becomes the embryonic disc, which forms the embryo proper.
  • Other part will become three of the four extraembryonic membranes (amnion, yolk sac and allantois)
75
Q

what happens when the blastocyst attaches to the endometrium?

A

• Cells of the trophectoderm secrete enzymes that digest and liquefy the endometrial cells > allows the blastocyst to penetrate the endometrium
• The blastocyst attaches firmly to the endometrium
- Endometrial glands enlarge
- Endometrium becomes more vascular

76
Q

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst differentiates into 3 primary germ layers, what are they?

A
  • Upper Ectoderm
  • Middle Mesoderm
  • Lower Endoderm
77
Q

The ectoderm develops into what?

A

the skin and nervous system

78
Q

The mesoderm forms what?

A

the peritoneum, muscle, bone and other connective tissues

79
Q

The endoderm becomes what?

A

the epithelial lining of the digestive tract, respiratory tract and other organs

80
Q

what is the placenta?

A

A highly vascular organ that develops in the uterine wall through which exchange of materials occurs between the foetal and maternal circulations

81
Q

what are the 4 functions of the placenta?

A
  1. Respiratory
  2. Excretory
  3. Nutritive
  4. Endocrine
82
Q

how is the placenta formed?

A
  • Trophoblast from embryo becomes Chorionic villi > Foetal part of placenta
  • Endometrial tissue becomes Decidua basalis > Maternal portion of placenta
  • Placenta attached to the umbilicus (navel) of the foetus by the umbilical cord
83
Q

where do exchanges through placenta occur?

A

All exchanges occur through capillary walls & chorion.

84
Q

what separates the blood of mother and child ?

A

Chorionic lining

85
Q

what does the umbilical cord contain?

A

• Umbilical cord carries two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein

86
Q

what are the two branches of the umbilical vein?

A
  • one joins hepatic portal vein, goes to liver
  • other is the ductus venosus - it bypasses the liver
  • Carries fully oxygenated blood
87
Q

describe the ductus venosus

A
  • Carries most of the blood from umbilical vein, bypassing the liver
  • Drains into the inferior vena cava
  • Blood is highly oxygenated
88
Q

what is the foramen ovale?

A
  • Opening between right & left atria in the interatrial septum
  • Allows 1/3 of blood in right atrium to pass directly into left atrium
  • Is covered by a flap of tissue that acts like a one-way door
89
Q

describe the ductus arteriosus

A
  • Small vessel connecting pulmonary trunk with aorta
  • Allows blood leaving the right ventricle to bypass the lungs and go more directly into the aorta and the systemic circulation
  • Carries over 90% of blood leaving the right ventricle
90
Q

after birth the umbilical arteries become what?

A

Medial umbilical ligaments

91
Q

after birth the umbilical vein become what?

A

Ligamentum teres (Round ligament of the liver; attaches the umbilicus to the liver)

92
Q

after birth the Ductus venosus become what?

A

Ligamentum venosum (A fibrous cord in the liver.)

93
Q

after birth the Foramen ovale become what?

A

Fossa ovalis (A depression in the interatrial septum.)

94
Q

after birth the Ductus arteriosus become what?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

95
Q

what happens to the foramen ovale after birth?

A
  • Closes at birth because when the lungs are inflated
  • increased pressure in L. atrium causes closure
  • Physiological closure only; anatomical closure takes from three months to one year
96
Q

failure of foramen ovale to close is called?

A

Interatrial Septal Defect - effects about 10% of adults

97
Q

changes in ductus arteriosus after birth?

A
  • When there is a change from high O2 to low O2 levels after cord clamping
  • Constriction and fusion of the vessel walls occurs and there is formation of the ligament in 3 to 5 weeks
  • Failure to close - Patent Ductus Arteriosus

BN541 Topic 1 (10 decks)

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