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Biology > Topic 8 - Transport Sytsems > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Transport Sytsems Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the red blood cell do and how is it adapted?

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes):
• Transport oxygen from lungs to all cells in body - haemoglobin binds to oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin
• Biconcave disk - large surface area to volume ratio for more oxygen to diffuse in per second
• No nucleus - contains more haemoglobin to carry more oxygen.

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of white blood cells?

A

Phagocytes
Lymphocytes

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3
Q

What do the phagocytes do and how are they adapted?

A

• Large flexible membranes
• Engulf (surround) and digest pathogens

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4
Q

What do the lymphocytes do and how are they adapted?

A

• Produce antibodies and antibodies which stick to pathogens and help destroy them.

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5
Q

What do platelets do and how are they adapted?

A

• Fragments of cells with no nucleus
• Make chemicals that help blood clot at a wound

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6
Q

What does plasma do and how is it adapted?

A

• Straw coloured liquid part of the blood
• Carries RBCs, WBCs, platelets, dissolved glucose, carbon dioxide and hormones.

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7
Q

How is the alveoli adapted to gas exchange?

A

• Large surface area for quicker gas exchange maintaining steep concentration gradient.
• Very thin for a shorter diffusion pathway
• Good blood supply to maintain a steep concentration gradient

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8
Q

How does carbon dioxide move in the alveoli?

A

• Carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the alveoli
• Carbon dioxide moves from an area of high concentration to a low concentration
• Carbon dioxide moves down a concentration gradient

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9
Q

How does oxygen move in the alveoli?

A

• Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood
• Oxygen moves from a high concentration to a low concentration
• Oxygen moves down the concentration gradient

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10
Q

What are the 3 blood vessels?

A

Veins
Capillaries
Arteries

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11
Q

What do the veins do?

A

Carry blood to the heart.

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12
Q

What are features of the veins?

A

• Carry blood under lows pressure so walls don’t need to be as thick as artery walls
• Don’t need to be as strong
• Bigger lumen than artery to help blood flow
• Valves to stop blood flowing backwards

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13
Q

What do the capillaries do?

A

Carry blood close to cells for exchange of materials.

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14
Q

What are features of the capillaries?

A

• Arteries branch into the capillaries
• Really small
• Narrow so can squeeze into gaps between cells to exchange substances
• Permeable walls for substances to diffuse in and out
• One cell thick to increase rate of diffusion by decreasing distance over which it occurs
• Supply nutrients and oxygen, take away CO2

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15
Q

What do the arteries do?

A

Carry blood away form the heart.

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16
Q

What are features of arteries?

A

• Carry blood under high pressure so walls are strong and elastic.
• Thick muscular walls
• Small lumen
• Elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and spring back

17
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration that involves oxygen.

18
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + water

19
Q

What are features of aerobic respiration?

A

• Most efficient
• Uses oxygen
• Occurs in mitochondria
• Produces water
• Releases more energy

20
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration that doesn’t involve oxygen.

21
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in animals and plants?

A

Animals:
Glucose —> lactic acid
Plants:
Glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide

22
Q

What are features of anaerobic respiration?

A

• Produces lactic acid
• Doesn’t use oxygen
• Short periods of time
• Occurs in cytoplasm
• Releases less energy
• Glucose breakdown is incomplete

23
Q

How does oxygen get into and travel around the body?

A

Breathing in air
Binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells and travels in the blood.

24
Q

How does glucose get into and travel around the body?

A

Digestion
Travels in plasma in blood

25
Q

How does carbon dioxide get into and travel around the body?

A

Dissolves into plasma
Diffuses into alveoli and breathed out

26
Q

How to workout surface area to volume ratio?

A

Calculate the surface area by:
Area of 1 side X number of sides

Caducate volume by:
L X W X H

27
Q

Why do multicellular organisms have specialised exchange and mass transport systems?

A

Small surface area to volume ratio.
Difficult to exchange enough substances to supply their volume.

28
Q

Why do single celled organisms not have specialised exchange and transport systems?

A

Gasses and dissolved substances diffuse directly into (or out of) cell across cell membrane because they have a large surface area to volume ratio.

29
Q

What is the definition of respiration?

A

Respiration is a chemical reaction in which energy is transferred from glucose. This is done through the oxidation of glucose. Oxidation means to react with oxygen.

30
Q

What happens on the left side of the heart?

A

Oxygenated blood enters from the pulmonary vein (from lungs) through the aorta (artery) to the rest of the body.

31
Q

What happens on the right side of the heart?

A

Deoxygenated blood enters from the venacava (vein) to the pulmonary artery (to lung).

32
Q

What is the definition of heart rate?

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute.
B/m

33
Q

What is the definition of stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pushed into the aorta each beat, measured in litres.
L/b

34
Q

What is the definition of cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pushed into the aorta each minute.
L/m

35
Q

Equation for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume X heart rate

36
Q

Why does the left side of the heart have thicker muscular walls?

A

It pumps blood further around the body under higher pressure.

37
Q

What are the different types of exchange of substances?

A

• Cells take in oxygen for aerobic respiration which produces carbon dioxide as a waste products. This happens by diffusion.
• Water is taken up by cells by osmosis. In animals dissolved food molecules and mineral ions diffuse along with it.
• Urea diffuse from cells to the blood plasma for for removal from the body by the kidneys.

Biology (10 decks)

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