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Biology > Topic 1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

They have a nucleus.

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2
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Don’t have a nucleus.

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3
Q

Examples of eukaryotic cells?

A

Animal cells
Plant cells

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4
Q

Examples of prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria

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5
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Controls the activities of the cell and contains DNA.

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6
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell.

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7
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Releases energy by aerobic respiration.

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8
Q

What do the ribosomes do?

A

Where protein synthesis occurs.

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9
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

Where chemical reactions take place.

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10
Q

What do the chloroplasts do?

A

Where photosynthesis takes place.

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11
Q

What does the vacuole do?

A

Keeps the cell rigid for support and stores sap.

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12
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Made of cellulose for support and to stop the cell bursting.

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13
Q

What does genetic material (chromosomal DNA) do?

A

Contains the majority of the bacterias genes and controls most of the cells activities.

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14
Q

What do the plasmids do?

A

Contain some genes and control some of the cells activity.

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15
Q

What does the flagella do?

A

Move to propel the cell.

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16
Q

What’s the role of the sperm cell?

A

Fertilise the egg cell

17
Q

What does the sperm cell contain?

A

Haploid nucleus - 23 chromosomes
Tail - swim to egg
Acrosome - break down outer membrane of egg
Mitochondria - releases energy so sperm can reach egg

18
Q

What does the egg cell contain?

A

Large nutrient rich cytoplasm - nourish developing embryo
Cell membrane - changes structure after fertilisation to ensure no other sperm can penetrate egg
Haploid nucleus - 23 chromosomes

19
Q

What does the ciliated epithelial cell contain?

A

Cilia - hair like projections to sweep mucus or the egg cell
Nucleus

20
Q

Advantages of electron microscopes?

A

Magnify up to 500000 x
Extremely high resolution
Possible to investigate a greater field depth

21
Q

Disadvantages of electron microscope?

A

Very expensive
Specimens must be fixed in a vacuum and therefore dead
Requires specialist training to use

22
Q

Definition of resolution

A

The smallest distance between 2 points that can be seen as 2 points.

23
Q

Unit of measurement conversions?

A

Centimetre
Millimetre
Micrometer
Nanometer
Picometer

X10
X1000
X1000

24
Q

Total magnification calculation

A

Eyepiece lens X objective lens magnification

25
Q

Magnification equitation

A

Image size / actual size

26
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts that speed up the rates of reaction. They are proteins. They can break down/build up or change.

27
Q

What is the substrate?

A

Molecule changed in the reaction.

28
Q

What factors affect enzymes?

A

Temperature
Ph
Substrate concentration

29
Q

What are proteins broken down by and into?

A

Protease
Amino acids

30
Q

What are carbohydrates broken down by and what into?

A

Carbohydrase (amylase)
Simple sugars and glucose

31
Q

What are lipids broken down by and into?

A

Lipase
Fatty acids + glycerol

32
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration of that molecule, to an area of low concentration of that molecule (down the concentration gradient). Diffusion only occurs in liquids and gases.

33
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration, to an area of low water concentration (down the concentration gradient), through a partially permeable membrane.

34
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

High solute concentrate (low water concentration)

35
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Low solute concentration (high water concentration)

36
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

The same solute concentration either side of the membrane.

37
Q

Features of a microscope

A

• Coarse focus wheel
• Fine focus wheel
• Eyepiece lens - magnifies the image
• Objective lens - change the magnification

38
Q

Active transport

A

Active transport is the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration, to an area of high concentration (against the concentration gradient), requiring energy from respiration.

39
Q

What will happen to iodine if the starch has not been broken down yet?

A

It will be black.
When broken down it will be orange.

Biology (10 decks)

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