Topic 8 (inflammation)

Question 1

Define Inflammation

itit ending shows inflammation conditions

Answer 1

Inflammation is a response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, remove the damaged tissue, and generate new tissue. It accomplishes this by destroying, enzymatically digesting, walling off, or otherwise neutralizing the harmful agents such as toxins, foreign agents, or infectious organisms.1 These processes set the stage for the events that will eventu- ally heal the damaged tissue. Thus, inflammation is intimately interwoven with the repair processes that replace damaged tis- sue or fill in the residual defects with fibrous scar tissue.

Question 2

What are the signs of inflammation

Answer 2

swelling (Oedema)
pain
loss of sensation
heat
redness
fever
insomnia
lethargic 
loss of appetite

Question 3

What are the endogenous and exogenous factors of inflammation

Answer 3

Exo=

Physical such as heat, cold, radiation and mechanical injury

chemical such as poisons this can be organic/non-organic.

Infective agents
immunological agents

End= this is the result of a disease i.e. allergy thrombosis, embolism

Question 4

What is the stages of inflammation

Vascular

Answer 4

Acute inflammation is an immediate and the first response to an injury. It is divided into vascular and cellular phase.

Vascular phase= this beginging by vasoconstriction and then immediately vasodilation of the vessel. Vasodilation will only involve arteries and venous (hyperemia). This will increase the blood flow to that specific area, resulting in the pt experiencing redness and heat. The capillaries will thus undergo stasis.

There will be an increase in vascular permeability, this is due to the proteins in the vessels (exudate) leaving the cell thus increasing the osmotic pressure and capillary pressure , this will result in fluids also leaving the vessel. into the extracellular space. Because of this movement the fluid will build up in the tissue spaces, this will show on a patient as swelling an pain and impaired function.
As fluid moves out of the vessels, stagnation of flow and clotting of blood occur. This aids in localising the spread of infectious microorganisms.

Exudation= the depature of plasma proteins

Question 5

What is the stages of inflammation

Cellular

Answer 5

This step is characterised by the involvement of Leukocytes mainly neutophils to the site of injury (Emigration). They achieve this by: adhesion and margination, transmargination and chemotaxis.
They then use phagosomes and antibodies to fight

Question 6

What are the inflammation cells

Answer 6

Lymphocytes(Neutrophils, monocytes)

Mast cells and Eosinophils, Basophils= produce lipid mediators and cytokines this induce inflammation.
Activation of mast cells results in release of preformed contents of their granules (histamine, proteoglycans, proteases, and cytokines

Thrombocytes= initiate thrombosis blood clots

B and T-lymphocytes

Fibroblast

Question 7

List the inflammation mediators

Answer 7

Histamine and Serotonin= vasodilation

Thromboxane= thrombocytes

Leukoytes

prostaglandins= The prostaglandins are a group of lipids made at sites of tissue damage or infection that are involved in dealing with injury and illness. They control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, the formation of blood clots and the induction of labour.

Lysosomal enzymes

Blood plasma

Question 8

What are the different forms of inflammation

Answer 8

Alternative inflammation= predominace in the 1st phase damage, dystophy and necrois. Seen in parenchymatous organs such as infectios diseases i.e TB

Exudative inflammation- increase of proteins in leaving the cells

Proliferative inflammation= The increase in the number of tissue cells

Question 9

What are the different types of acute inflammation

Answer 9

Serous inflammation- serous tissue lines tissues/ organs as a protective layer. An example of serous inflammation can be found as skin blisters resulting from burns or viral infection. So this is immediately underneath skin.

Catarrhal- found in the nose or the throat becomes swollen in areas where there is a lot of mucous. Supurative(large amount of pus) and mixed

Hemorrhagic

Fibrinous inflammation or Pseudomembranous inflammation.- This is a response of swelling found in the mucous lining due to a pathogen. This is due when the plasma coagulation. You will see fibrin. yellow green colouring, grey membrane

Suppurative or purulent inflammation.- This is due to a pathogen when they produce a large amount of pus or exudate containing neutrophils, necrotic cells, and oedema fluid.

Abscess- This is characterised by a localised inflammation this is a cavity containing pus. The pus contains numerous dead cells and alive neutrophils, red blood cells, fibrin. and in old pus macrophages and cholesterol