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GCSE Chemistry 🧪 > Topic 8- Fuels & Health Science 📄📄 > Flashcards

Topic 8- Fuels & Health Science 📄📄 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 layers of the earth?

A
  1. Crust- thin and rocky
  2. Mantle- largest part
  3. Outer core- liquid iron and nickel
  4. Inner core- solid iron and nickel
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2
Q

Why is the outer core liquid but the inner core solid?

A

The inner core is subject to high pressure which forces the particles together

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3
Q

What is in earths atmosphere today? (3 inc. %)

A
  1. Nitrogen at 78%
  2. Oxygen at 21%
  3. Other including argon, water vapour and carbon dioxide at 1%
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4
Q

The levels of oxygen in the atmosphere increased because …

A

Plants and algae evolved and photosynthesised which released oxygen

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5
Q

The levels of water vapour have decreased because…

A

Water vapour condensed to form the oceans since Earths temperature cooled

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6
Q

The levels of carbon dioxide decreased because…

A

Photosynthesis occurred which absorbed carbon dioxide and released oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolved into the oceans

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7
Q

The levels of carbon dioxide have started to increase because…

A

The burning of fossil fuels, the use of fossil fuels in factories and cars, C02 in the sedimentary rock being released and deforestation (less trees to absorb C02)

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8
Q

Complete combustion of methane word equation:

A

Methane + Oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + Water

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9
Q

What is the issue associated with Carbon? (4)

A

Soot blackens buildings
Causes breathing problems
May block appliances
Cause fires

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10
Q

What is the issue associated with Carbon monoxide?

A

Toxic gas which combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells which prevents oxygen combining therefore reducing the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream leading the person being sleepy, unconscious and it can lead to death

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11
Q

What is the issue associated with carbon dioxide? (2)

A

Contributes to global warming/climate change and damages the land/air/water

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12
Q

Alkanes are a family of

A

Hydrocarbons

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13
Q

Alkanes all end in

A

ane

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14
Q

Formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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15
Q

Bonds in alkanes

A

Alkanes form a single bond between carbon atoms

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16
Q

Bonds in alkenes

A

Form at least one double bond between 2 carbon atoms

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17
Q

Each carbon atom has

A

4 bonds

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18
Q

For alkenes all names end in

A

ene

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19
Q

General formula for alkenes

A

CnHn

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20
Q

Examples of alkanes

A

Methane, ethane, butane, propane

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21
Q

Examples of alkenes

A

Ethene, propene, butene, Pentene,

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22
Q

How do you test for alkanes/alkenes?

A
  1. Add bromine to an unknown hydrocarbon
  2. If the bromine water stays brown, the hydrocarbon is an alkane
  3. If the water turns colourless, the hydrocarbon is an alkene
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23
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon that contains a double bond

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24
Q

What is cracking?

A

The breaking down of long chain hydrocarbons into shorter chain hydrocarbons using heat and a catalyst
An alkane and an alkene

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25
Q

What is cracking?

A

The breaking down of long chain hydrocarbons into shorter chain hydrocarbons
An alkane and an alkene

26
Q

What does cracking always produce?

A

1 Alkane and 1 Alkene

27
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A complex mixture of hydrocarbons
Contains molecules with rings or chains of carbon atoms

28
Q

What is an important source of useful, substances like fuels and feedstocks for the petrochemical industry?

A

Crude oil

29
Q

Where can crude oil be found?

A

Under the sea and ground

30
Q

How can crude oil be separated?

A

Fractional distillation

31
Q

How does the process of fractional distillation work to separate crude oil?

A

Crude oil is vaporised before it enters a fractionating column.
The fractionating column is hotter at the bottom than at the top. The vapours rise up and condense at different fractions depending on their boiling points.
Hydrocarbons with low boiling points will be tapped off the top of the column and hydrocarbons with high boiling points will be tapped off the bottom of the column.

32
Q

Why is crude oil separated?

A

Separated products are more useful

33
Q

What is refinery gas, from crude oil, used for?

A

Heating and cooking

34
Q

What is kerosene used for?

A

Aircraft fuel

35
Q

Hat fraction of crude oil is used for road surfacing and roofs?

A

Bitumen

36
Q

How do the hydrocarbons at each faction differ? (4)

A

Boiling points
Ease of ignition
Viscosity
The number of hydrocarbons and carbon atoms their molecules have

37
Q

What is viscosity ?

A

How thick or sticky a substance is.

38
Q

What are the only products when a hydrocarbon fuel goes under complete combustion?

A

Water and carbon dioxide

39
Q

True or false? Energy is given out when a fuel undergoes complete combustion

A

TRUE
The reaction is exothermic

40
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur? What is required to ensure complete combustion occurs?

A

Incomplete combustion occurs when there is an insufficient supply of oxygen

To ensure complete combustion occurs, the reaction should be carried out with excess oxygen

41
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion?

A

Carbon particulates - soot
Carbon monoxide
Water

42
Q

What re the problems with carbon monoxide?

A

Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas
It’s is colourless and odourless and if breathed in can cause death by preventing the red blood cells from carrying oxygen around

43
Q

What are the problems with incomplete combustion?

A

Produces carbon monoxide which is toxic and can be fatal if breathed in
Produces carbon particulates which causes global dimming and respiratory problems

44
Q

Why is Sulfur dioxide sometimes produced when burning hydrocarbon fuels?

A

Some hydrocarbon fuels contain Sulfur impurities
When the fuel is burned, the Sulfur reacts with oxygen to form Sulfur dioxide

45
Q

Why is Sulfur dioxide sometimes produced when burning hydrocarbon fuels?

A

Some hydrocarbon fuels contain Sulfur impurities
When the fuel is burned, the Sulfur reacts with oxygen to form Sulfur dioxide

46
Q

How is acid rain produced?

A

Sulfur dioxide evaporates into the air. It’s reacts with water in the clouds to form Sulfur is acid. This is acid rain

47
Q

What problems can acid rain cause?

A

Corrodes buildings and statues made of limestone
Kills and damages vegetation
Lowers the pH of large bodies of water and killing the wildlife

48
Q

How are oxides of nitrogen produced from car engines.

A

The high temperature and pressure of a car engine causes nitrogen and oxygen from the air react together

49
Q

What are problems associated with oxides of nitrogen ?

A

Pollutants
Produce acid rain
Causes respiratory problems

50
Q

What are the advantages of using hydrocarbons as a fuel in cars?

A

It relates more energy per kg compared to most other fuels
Water is the only product so no pollutants
Renewable source as hydrogen can be extracted from water

51
Q

What are the disadvantages of using hydrogen as a fuel in cars?

A

It is expensive to produce and a lot of energy is required for the electrolysis of water to acquire the hydrogen
Difficult and dangerous to store hydrogen because it is very volatile and easily ignited

52
Q

Name the non renewable fossil fuel found in natural gas

A

Methane

53
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

Only contains single bonds

54
Q

What does unsaturated mean?

A

Contains some double bonds

55
Q

What type of reaction is cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition

56
Q

What is the chemical test for oxygen?

A

Insert a glowing splint into a test tube of Beas. If the oxygen is present, the splint will ignite

57
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

Electromagnetic radiation from the sun passes through the Earth’s atmosphere.
- The Earth absorbs some radiation and warms up.
- Heat is radiated from the Earth as infrared radiation.
- Some of the infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which warms the atmosphere

58
Q

How has human activity increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration?

A

Burning fossil fuels for energy releases CO2
Deforestation reduces the amount of photosynthesis occurs so less carbon dioxide is converted to oxygen

59
Q

Evaluate the evidence that human activity is causing climate change:

A

There is a correlation between carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, fossil fuel consumption and temperature change.
- Correlation doesn’t mean causation.
- There may be uncertainties in the data (e.g. location of the measurements and historical accuracy).

60
Q

What are some effects of global warming?

A

Melting of polar ice caps
Difficulties acquiring drinking water
Flooding
Forest fires
Destruction of ecosystems

61
Q

How has human activity increased the amount of methane in the atmosphere?

A

Raising livestock such as cows
Decay of organic waste in landfill sites

62
Q

How can the effects of global warming be mitigated?

A

Construction flood defences in areas of low lying land
Use of irrigation systems to provide water in drought
Produce alternative crops which are breed adapted to the new environment

GCSE Chemistry 🧪 (6 decks)

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