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Chemistry > Topic 8- Fuels and Earth Science > Flashcards

Topic 8- Fuels and Earth Science Flashcards

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1
Q

Fractional Distillation

A

The process in which crude oil is separated

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2
Q

Crude oil

A

Naturally occuring oil made out of hydrocarbons

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3
Q

Hkw is crude oil formed

A
  • Small animals doe
  • They are fossilied at high temperatures and pressures
  • Process takes millions of years
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4
Q

What is the structure of hydrocarbons?

A

Rings or chains

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5
Q

How does fractional distillation occur?

A
  • The oil is heated until it is almost a gas
  • The smaller hydrocarbons float towards the top of the column
  • The longer chains collect at the bottom
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6
Q

Diiferent types of hydrocarbons

A
  • Gases/LPG
  • Petrol
  • Naptha
  • Kerosene
  • Diesel Oil
  • Fuel Oil
  • Bitumen
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7
Q

Uses of LPG

A

Heating/Domestic Cooking

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8
Q

Uses of petrol

A

Cars

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9
Q

Uses of Naptha

A

Molotovs

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10
Q

Uses of Kerosene

A

Plane fuel

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11
Q

Diesel oil

A

Large vehicles

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12
Q

Fuel oil

A

Large ships or power stations

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13
Q

Bitumen

A

Tarmac

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14
Q

Homologous Series

A

A series that share similar characteristics

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15
Q

Hydrocarbon series

A 
Methane = CH4
Ethane = C2H6
Propane = C4H8
Butane = C6H10
Monkeys Eat Peanut Butter
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16
Q

Properties of hydrocarbons

A
  • Held together by intermolecular forces
  • Shirter hydrocarbons are easy to ignite
  • Gas molecules mix with oxygen to ignite
  • Larger hydrocarbons are usually liquid and harder to ignite
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17
Q

Viscosity

A

How easily something flows

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18
Q

Viscosity of hydrocarbons

A
  • The stronger the intermolecular force, the lower the viscosity
  • Fractions containing longer hydrocarbons have a lower viscosity meaning it is harder for them to flow
19
Q

Pollutants

A

Gases that cause harm to the natural environment

20
Q

What produces pollutants

A

Incomplete Combustion

21
Q

How does an incomplete combustion occur

A

If there is not enough oxygen for the combustion to occur. This can happen in appliances such as boilers. The products contain less oxygen than carbon dioxide. This is carbon monoxide

22
Q

Effects of carbon monoxide

A
  • Asphyxiation

- Can lead to fainting, comas and death

23
Q

Sulfur Dioxide

A
  • Sulfur dioxide is released in the burning of fossil fuel for energy
  • Comes from sulfur impurities in fossil fuels
  • When it mixes with clouds, a dilute sulfuric acid forms
  • Leads to acid rain and the killing of plant and animal life
24
Q

Oxides of Nitrogen

A
  • Pollutant
  • Caused by oxygen and nitrogen reacting
  • Creates photochemical smog
  • Air pollution and leads to breathing difficulties
25
Q

Hydrogen as a fuel

A

Hydrogen can be used as a renewable power for vehicles as it is used in hydrogen power cells

26
Q

Pros of hydrogen as a fuel

A
  • Very clean
  • Only waste product is water
  • Renewable
  • Can be obtained from the waste products
27
Q

Cons of hydrogen a fuel

A
  • Expensive equiment is needed
  • Often uses energy from another source to manufacture
  • It is hard to store
28
Q

Cracking

A

The splitting up of hydrocarbons to meet demand for shorter chains of hyrdocarbons

29
Q

Process of cracking

A
  • Vaproes hydrocarbons are passed over a catalyst at 400-700 defrees and at 70 atm
  • The catalyst used is aluminium oxide
  • For example C20H42 goes to CH4 and C19H40
30
Q

Atmosphere - Phase One

A
  • The Earth’s surface was originally molten with no atmosphere
  • The surface eventually cooled and a crust formed. Volcanoes continued to erupt which produced carbon dioxide, steam, methane and ammonia
  • When the volcanoes stopped erupting, there was little oxygen
  • Water vapour condensed to form the Earth’s oceans
31
Q

Atmosphere - Phase 2

A
  • Early Carbon Dioxide dissolved into the oceans
  • Nitrogen was them releases into the atmosphere by denitrifying bacteria and ammonia reacting with oxygen
  • Nitrogen is not very reactive so it did not break down
  • Green plants evolved, they photosynthesised to add oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
  • Much Carbon dioxide was eventually trapped in fossil fuels and sedimentary rocks
32
Q

Atmosphere - Phase 3

A
  • Build up of oxygen eventually killed off early organisms that could not tolerate it
  • This allowed evolution to occur and produce more complex organisms
  • The build up of oxygen eventually created the Ozone Layer to block out harmful UV rays from space
33
Q

Test for Oxygen

A

Put a glowing splint in the substance and it should be relit

34
Q

Causes of the Greenhouse Effect

A
  • Due to the increase in population, more people are respiring and more carbon dioxide is being produced
  • More energy is required for the surge of people. The increased energy means that more carbon dioxide is being produced from the burning of fossil fuels
  • An increase in housing and food means more carbon dioxide is being produced
  • Less carbon dioxide being taken in due to deforestation
  • Volcanoes
35
Q

Process of the greenhouse effect

A
  • The earth radiates some of the heat radiation it absorbs as IR
  • Some IR radiation is aborbed by greenhouse gases
  • Some of the IR is reflected back to Earth by greenhouse gases
  • Some IR is emitted back to space
  • This absorbtion and reflection warms the Earth
36
Q

How IR enters the atmosphere

A
  • The sun emits IR as EM waves
  • Some EM radiation passes through the atmosphere
  • Shorter wavelengths are absorbed by the Earth
37
Q

Examples of Greenhouse gases

A

Carbon Dioxide
Water Vapour
Methane

38
Q

Factor effecting the Greenhouse effect

A

If there is a higher concentration of gases, there will be more heat

39
Q

Climate Change

A

A change in average temperatures in the world

40
Q

Causes of climate change

A

Increases in greenhouse gases

41
Q

Global Warming

A

A thpe of coimate change that can affect other types of climate change such as changes in rainfall. Can also cause severe flooding due to polar ice caps melting

42
Q

Historical Data

A
  • Current levels of carbon dioxide are easy to measure due to measurings taken all over the world
  • Historical Data is much less accurate as fewer readings will have been taken
  • There are other ways to meausre past CO2 levels such as tree rongs, gas bubbles in ice sheets and fossils.
  • These are less precise and less representative of the world
43
Q

Reducing fossil fuels

A
  • Cutting down on fossil fuels will reduce carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere
  • This could slow down the negative effects of climate change
  • The UK have already put plans in place to reduce climate change
  • Renewable energy will be better

Chemistry (9 decks)

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