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Chemistry paper 2 > Topic 8 - fuels and earth science > Flashcards

Topic 8 - fuels and earth science Flashcards

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1
Q

what are hydrocarbons?

A

A compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms

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2
Q

what is crude oil?

A
  • a complex mixture of hydrocarbon
  • a important source of useful substances
  • a finite source
  • containing molecules in which carbon atoms are in chains or rings
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3
Q

what is meant by a finite source?

A

the resource is no longer being made or being made extremely slowly

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4
Q

what is crude oil separated into

A

-gases
-petrol
-kerosene
-diesel oil
-fuel oil
- bitumen

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5
Q

explain the separation of crude oil through fractional distillation

A
  • crude oil can be separated through fractional distillation as hydrocarbons have different boiling points
  • oil is heated to evaporate it
  • vapour rises up the fractionating coloumn
  • each fraction condenses the gas where it becomes cool eneough and is piped out of that specific coloumn,
  • due to a concentration gradient

-gases fraction do not condense and leave through the top
- bitumen does not evaporate

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6
Q

what is the uses for gases

A
  • domestic heating and cooking
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7
Q

what is the uses for petrol

A

fuel for cars

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8
Q

what is the uses for kerosene

A

fuel for aircraft

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9
Q

what is the uses for diesel oil

A

fuel for some cars and trains

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10
Q

what is the uses for fuel oil

A

fuel for large ships and some power stations

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11
Q

what is the uses for bitumen

A

surfacing roads and roofs

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12
Q

how do hydrocarbon in crude oil differ from each other

A

petrol ——-> bitumen
increases in carbon and hydrogen atoms
increase in boiling point
decrease in flammability
increase in viscosity ( from runny to thick)

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13
Q

describe the complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

A
  • produces carbon dioxide and water
  • gives out energy
  • methane + o2 = co2 + water
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14
Q

why does incomplete combustion occur

A

a lack of supply of o2

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15
Q

Explain why the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons can produce carbon and carbon monoxide

A
  • due to insufficient amount of o2
    -different carbon products form depending on the amount of 02 available such carbon monoxide or co2
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16
Q

what is produced from incomplete combustion

A

methane + oxygen
——–>
carbon + carbon monoxide CO + carbon dioxide + water

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17
Q

Explain how carbon monoxide behaves as a toxic gas

A
  • binds with haemoglobin in red blood cell to stop o2 from circulating
  • can cause death or unconsciousness
  • colourless and odourless
18
Q

Describe the problems caused by incomplete combustion producing carbon monoxide and soot in appliances that use carbon compounds as fuels

A
  • soot blocking pipes which carry waste gases away from appliances
  • soot blackens building
    -soot can cause breathing problems
  • carbon monoxide will bind to haemoglobin stopping the circulation of o2
19
Q

Explain how impurities in some hydrocarbon fuels result in the production of sulfur dioxide

A
  • hydrocarbon may contain sulfur compounds
  • when the hydrocarbon is burnt the sulfur reacts with oxygen to for sulfur dioxide gas
20
Q

Explain some problems associated with acid rain caused when sulfur dioxide dissolves in rainwater

A
  • sulfur dioxide will dissolve into the water in clouds to form acid rain
  • can cause increase of weathering against building made of limestone
  • causes crops too not grow well due to acidic conditions
  • can also kill and harm aquatic life
  • increased rate of iron corrosion
21
Q

Explain why, when fuels are burned in engines, oxygen and nitrogen can react together at high temperatures to produce oxides of nitrogen, which are pollutants

A
  • fuel is mixed with are in an engine
  • the oxygen and nitrogen will react together due to the high temp in the engine
  • causes the production of various oxides of nitrogen which are atmospheric pollutants
22
Q

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using hydrogen, rather than petrol, as a fuel in cars

A

ad of using hydrogen
-only produces water no ash or smoke
- burns easy
- releases 3 times more energy per kg that petrol

dis of using hydrogen
- needs to be stored in high pressures so filling stations would need to change
- hydrogen is hard to store

23
Q

Recall that petrol, kerosene and diesel oil are non-renewable fossil fuels obtained from crude oil and methane is a non renewable fossil fuel found in natural gas

A

crude oil
-gas
-petrol
-bitumen
-diesel
-kerosene
-fuel oil

Natural gas
-methane
ethane

24
Q

explain the process of cracking

A

the breaking of covalent bonds in hydrocarbon molecules for a more desired product

eg - large alkanes broken into small alkane and alkenes (unsaturated)

25
Q

why is cracking necessary

A

to meet up with the demand of more used fuels
as it is a finite resource

26
Q

describe earths early atmosphere

A

-little to no 02
- large amount of co2
- water vapour
- small amounts of other gases

27
Q

what is the evidence for the early atmosphere

A
  • lots of volcanic activity back then which is why there is a lot of co2
  • the atmosphere of other planets having no organisms but volcanos also have lots of co2 and no o2 which is similar to early earth
28
Q

Explain how condensation of water vapour formed oceans

A
  • the earth cooled down
  • water vapour condensed into water to form the ocean
29
Q

Explain how the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was decreased when carbon dioxide dissolved as the oceans formed

A
  • water forms oceans
  • carbon dioxide dissolved in the oceans
  • marine organisms used the dissolved carbon dioxide to make calcium carbonate for shells
  • the shells of dead marine organisms fall to the sea bed and become part of sediment
  • it t is then squashed to form sedimentary rock
  • this reduces the amount of co2 in the atmosphere
30
Q

how does the growth of primitive plants increase the amount of o2 in the atmosphere

A
  • earth cools and oceans form
  • forms of life evolve in the oceans and photosynthesis begins.
  • oxygen builds up in the oceans
  • oxygen builds up in the atmosphere
31
Q

What is the test for oxygen

A
  • a glowing wooden splint relights in oxygen
32
Q

what is a green house gas

A
  • gases found in the atmosphere which absorbs heat radiated from the earth
33
Q

Explain the green house effect

A
  • electromagnetic radiation from at most wavelengths from the sun passes through the earths atmosphere
  • earth absorbs the necessary amount of heat needed for life on earth
  • but some heat is radiated from the earth as infrared radiation
  • some of this Infrared radiation is absorbed by green house gases in the atmosphere
  • atmosphere warms up leading to the green house effect and global warming
34
Q

evaluate the evidence for human activity causing climate change:
- the change in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, the consumption of fossil fuels and temperature change

A
  • increased burning and use of fossil fuels, increases the release of co2 emission
  • co2 adds to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
  • this will help trap more heat due to more co2, which increase the temperature from trapping more infrared rays
35
Q

Evaluate the evidence for human activity causing climate change:
the uncertainties caused by the location where these measurements are taken and historical accuracy

A

the oldest temperature recorded was in central England in 1659
- however cannot be used to show global temperature as it is from one place
- earlier measurements were less historically accurate as they are more prone to error and has less resolution

36
Q

Describe the composition of today’s atmosphere

A

21% oxygen
78% nitrogen
1% the rest - argon, co2, methane

37
Q

where is methane released and its dangers

A
  • powerful greenhouse gas and is better at absorbing infrared rays than co2
  • methane is released into the atmosphere when oil and natural gas are extracted from the found and processed
  • livestock farming produces a lot of methane, as cattle have bacteria in there stomach which can produce methane when they fart
  • soil bacteria in landfill sites also produce lots of methane
38
Q

where is co2 released

A
  • released from burning fossil fuels
39
Q

What are some human effects of global warming

A
  • driving
  • consumption of electricity and fuels
  • raising livestock
  • decay of organic waste in landfill sites
40
Q

How to limit the effects of climate change

A
  • renewable energy resources can reduce gas emission
  • reflect sunlight back into space or capture co2 and bury it however this is a large scale engineering system which would destroy ecosystems and needs countries to work together

Chemistry paper 2 (3 decks)

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