Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GCSE Biology > Topic 8 - Exchange and Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Exchange and Transport in Animals Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GCSE Geography - AQA flashcards AP® Biology flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route B flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route B flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

SB8a - What are all the chemical reactions in your body known as?

A

Your metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

SB8a - What must happen to waste products in your body?

A

They must be excreted so that they don’t cause any problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

SB8a - What are some examples of waste products in your body?

A
  • Urea
  • Carbon dioxide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

SB8a - What are some examples of substances that your body takes in?

A
  • Glucose
  • Amino Acids
  • Oxygen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

SB8a - Through what process do most substances move around the body?

A

Diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

SB8a - What do diffusion surfaces have to be like?

A
  • Thin: So particles don’t have to diffuse far
  • Large surface area: More room to allow particles to diffuse through
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

SB8a - Why does blood need to continue flowing for substances to continue moving?

A
  • Oxygen and glucose diffuses out and carbon dioxide diffuses in at a certain point
  • The blood then continues to flow
  • This means that concentration gradient at the diffusion point is maintained
  • This allows diffusion to continue happening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

SB8a - Why do multi-cellular organisms need transport systems?

A

Transport systems are needed to take substances towards the centre of the body as diffusion from the outside to the centre of the body would take too long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

SB8a - What is the circulatory system made of?

A
  • The heart
  • Veins
  • Arteries
  • A network of fine capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

SB8a - How do you calculate surface area : Volume ratio?

A

Surface area ÷ Volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

SB8a - Why does SA:V ratio affect rate of diffusion?

A

A higher surface area means more area through which particles can diffuse, but a larger volume takes longer to be filled up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

SB8a - Why can’t cells be infinitely large?

A
  • As cells get bigger, their SA:V ratio gets smaller.
  • This means it will take longer and longer for substances to enter the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

SB8a - What adaptation do the lungs have?

A
  • The lungs have millions of aveoli which increase the surface area while maintaining the volume.
  • This increases the SA:V ratio increasing rate of gas exchange
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

SB8a - What adaptations do alveoli have?

A
  • One cell thick wall allowing for easy diffusion
  • Large SA:V ratio due to its shape
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

SB8b - What is 1dm3 equal to?

A

1000cm3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

SB8b - How do you calculate concentration?

A

Concentration (g/dm3)

=

mass of solute (g) / volume of solution (dm3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

SB8b - How does concentration gradient affect rate of diffusion?

A

The steeper the concentration gradient (Greater the difference in concentration) the higher the rate of diffusion due to a larger net movement of particles in the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

SB8b - What is the relationship between concentration gradient and rate of diffusion?

A

They have a linear directly proportional relationship

rate of diffusion ∝ concentration difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

SB8b - How does surface area affect rate of diffusion?

A
  • A higher surface area means that particles have more area to pass through.
  • This means that more particles can move through a membrane at one time.
  • This increases the overall rate of diffusion but doesn’t change the speed at which particles move
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

SB8b - What is the relationship between surface area and rate of diffusion?

A

rate of diffusion ∝ surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

SB8b - How does the thickness of the membrane affect rate of diffusion?

A
  • A thicker membrane means that particles have a longer distance to travel.
  • This means that the rate of diffusion will be slower
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

SB8b - What is the relationship between thickness of membrane and rate of diffusion?

A

rate of diffusion ∝-1 thickness of membrane

or

rate of diffusion ∝ 1 ÷ thickness of membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

SB8b - What is Fick’s law?

A

Fick’s law shows the relationship between the three factors that affect rate of diffusion.

24
Q

SB8c - What are the jobs of each of the components of the circulatory system?

A
  • Heart: Pumps blood around the body
  • Arteries: Take blood away from the heart
  • Capillaries: Fine networks taking blood to and through tissue
  • Veins: Takes blood back to the heart
25
Q

SB8c - What are the adaptations of arteries?

A
  • Narrow lumen (tube)
  • Thick elastic and muscle fibres
  • This helps it withstand high pressures
  • Recoil due to elasticity helps the blood continue to be pumped
26
Q

SB8c - What are the adaptations of capillaries?

A
  • Capillaries have very narrow lumen (tubes) as they are carrying very little blood
  • They have walls only 1 cell thick to allow for faster diffusion
27
Q

SB8c - What are the adaptations of veins?

A
  • Valves to ensure blood flows in one direction
  • Thin walls as pressure is low
  • Wide lumen (tube) to reduce pressure
28
Q

SB8c - Why are valves only necessary in veins?

A
  • Arteries have blood flowing at a high pressure and this ensures blood flows in the right direction
  • This is helped by the elasticity
  • Veins have blood flowing at a low pressure and so blood isn’t forced to travel in the right direction
  • Valves ensure blood flows in the correct direction
29
Q

SB8c - How do valves work?

A
  • Valves are like one way doors
  • Skeletal muscles help blood move along the veins
  • When blood is flowing in the correct direction, valves are open
  • When muscles are relaxed, blood can easily flow in the wrong direction
  • The moment any blood starts to flow in the wrong direction, the valves close, stopping blood from flowing this way
30
Q

SB8c - What is another word for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

31
Q

SB8c - What are the components of blood?

A
  • Erythrocytes (RBC)
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
  • Plasma
32
Q

SB8c - What do erythrocytes do?

A
  • Packed with haemoglobin which oxygen binds to allowing it to be transported
  • Biconcave shape to increase surface area for effective diffusion
  • No nucleus to make more space for haemoglobin and oxygen
  • Will turn a brighter shade of red when more oxygen is bound
33
Q

SB8c - What are the two types of white blood cells and what do they do?

A
  • Phagocytes: Surround and consume foreign cells
  • Lymphocytes: Release antibodies to attack foreign cells
34
Q

SB8c - What does plasma contain?

A
  • Water
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Glucose
  • Urea
  • Other dissolved minerals
35
Q

SB8c - What do platelets do?

A

Platelets are tiny fragments of cells that produce substances to allow the blood to clot when injured

36
Q

SB8d - What is a heart attack?

A
  • When blood stops flowing through the heart properly, it can damage the heart muscles.
  • This can cause a heart attack, also known as cardiac arrest. If the heart stops working completely, an electric shock (i.e. a defibrillator) can get it to work again
37
Q

SB8d - What is the structure of the heart?

A
38
Q

SB8d - How does blood move around the heart?

A
  • Firstly, blood from the upper body enters the heart through the superior vena cava; while blood from the lower body enters through the inferior vena cava
  • This travels into the right atrium and through the ventricle
  • The blood leaves through the pulmonary artery into the lungs where it becomes oxygenated
  • It then re-enters the heart through the pulmonary veins
  • Here it travels through the valves and left ventricle before leaving through the aorta
39
Q

SB8d - What is important to remember when looking at diagrams of a heart?

A

You are looking at the diagram as if you are looking at a person (left on right and v/v)

40
Q

SB8d - Why does the left side of the heart have thicker muscle?

A

It has to pump blood to all around the body rather than just to the lungs and so requires more strength

41
Q

SB8d - What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pushed into the aorta per beat

42
Q

SB8d - What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output (litres/min)

=

Stroke volume (litres/beat) x heart rate (beats/min)

43
Q

SB8e - What does your body require a constant supply of energy for?

A
  • Moving
  • Keeping warm
  • Production and breaking down substances
44
Q

SB8e - What is cellular respiration?

A
  • A series of reactions that uses glucose to provide energy for the body.
  • It is exothermic
45
Q

SB8e - Where in the cell does respiration occur?

A

In the mitochondria

46
Q

SB8e - Describe the process of cellular respiration from breathing in to cell to breathing out

A
  • Breathing in adds oxygen into the blood flow
  • As the blood passes the small intestine, it absorbs glucose from digested food
  • When the blood reaches a cell, the cell takes in the glucose and oxygen in exchange for carbon dioxide and water
  • The blood takes this carbon dioxide back to the lungs where it is breathed out
47
Q

SB8e - What is the word equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dixoide + Water (+ energy)

48
Q

SB8e - Why is respiration exothermic?

A

It releases energy to its surroundings and the products have less energy than the reactants

49
Q

SB8e - Why do you breathe faster when exercising?

A
  • Faster breathing allows more oxygen to be breathed in and diffused into the blood
  • This provides more oxygen for cells to respire more effectively
  • It also gets rid of more carbon dioxide
50
Q

SB8e - What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose → Lactic acid + (+energy)

51
Q

SB8e - Why may anaerobic respiration occur?

A
  • Anaerobic respiration occurs in a deficit of oxygen
  • During strenuous exercise, your cells may need more oxygen than can be provided leading to anaerobic respiration occuring
52
Q

SB8e - What are the problems with anaerobic respiration?

A
  • It produces less energy than aerobic respiration
  • Lactic acid building up in muscles can cause cramps and damage
  • Muscles can tire quickly
53
Q

SB8e - Why may anaerobic respiration be important for a prey suddenly escaping its predator?

A

Anaerobic respiration can provide short sharp bursts of energy without needing a sudden increase in oxygen supply

54
Q

SB8e - Why may heart/breathing rates remain high after exercise?

A
  • Extra oxygen is needed to replace what has been lost
  • Extra oxygen is required to provide energy to get rid of lactic acid
55
Q

SB8e CP - Describe how you would investigate rates of respiration in small organisms

A
  • Set up the test tube with a bung attacthed to it so that:
    • A CO2 absorber (e.g soda lime) is at the bottom
    • Cotton wool is on top
    • The organism(s) are on this
    • The blob of coloured liquid is right at the start
    • The 0cm mark of the ruler is lined up with the liquid
  • This is called a simple respirometer
  • You measure how far along the capilary tube the blob moves every so often
  • Distance moved ÷ time = rate of respiration
  • Alter the temperature to see how this affects the rate of respiration
  • This is your independant variable, so ensure you keep everythign else the same as they are your control variables
  • To set up a control experiment for this, you would have the same set-up with no organisms

GCSE Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions