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GCSE Biology > Topic 5 - Health, Disease and the Development of Medicine > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Health, Disease and the Development of Medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

SB5a - What are the three type of health?

A
  • Physical well-being: Being free from disease, getting regular excersize, limiting harmful substance etc.
  • Mental well-being: How you feel about yourself
  • Social well-being: How well you get along with others
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2
Q

SB5a - What is the difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases?

A

Communicable:

  • Caused by pathogens (microorganisms athat cause disease)
  • Can be spread between people
  • Localised cases

Non-communicable:

  • Caused by problems in the body and by lifestyle choices
  • Cannot be spread between people
  • Widely spread cases
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3
Q

SB5a - Why may a person be more likely to catch a disease if they’ve already got one?

A
  • One disease damages the immune system, making it easier for other pathogens to cause disease
  • A disease can damage the body’s natural physical and chemical defences making it easier for pathogens to get in
  • A disease can stop an organ from functioning correctly, meaning other diseases are mroe likely to occur
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4
Q

SB5b - Define malnutrition.

A

A lack or excess of a specific nutrient in the body

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5
Q

SB5b - Describe the defficiency diseases associated with lack of:

  1. Protein
  2. Vitamin C
  3. Vitamin D and/or Calcium
  4. Iron
A
  1. Kwashiorkor: enlarged belly, small muscles, failure to grow properly
  2. Scurvy: Swelling/bleeding gums, muscle/ joint pains and tiredness
  3. Rickets/Osteomalacia: Soft bones/cruved leg bones
  4. Anaemia: Less and smaller red blood cells, tiredness
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6
Q

SB5b - How do you calculate BMI?

A

mass / height ^2

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7
Q

SB5b Why is drinking too much alcohol dangerous?

A
  • Ethanol is poisonous to cells
  • When absorbed from the gut, it passes to the liver to be broken down. So liver cells are more likely than other cells to be damaged, leading to liver disease e.g cirrhosis
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8
Q

SB5b - Why is ethanol (in alcohol) considered a drug and what disease can it lead to?

A
  • It’s considered a drug because it changes the way in which the body works
  • It can lead to liver cirrhosis which is a disease where the liver doesn’t function properly
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9
Q

SB5c - What is heart bypass surgery?

A
  • This is when a new blood vessel is inserted to ‘by-pass’ a blocked artery
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10
Q

SB5c - Describe how smoking can lead to blood clots.

A
  • Tobacco from smoking will damage artery linings.
  • Fat (or plaque) can build up in the artery wall making the artery narrow.
  • This will increase blood pressure
  • Eventually, the fat will block the whole artery
  • White blood cells will form a wall around this causing a clot leading to a heart attack or stroke
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11
Q

SB5c - Explain how a stent works.

A
  • A stent is a small mesh inserted into the artery on a delfated balloon.
  • Once in place, the balloon is inflated and the stent expands widening the artery
  • The balloon is taken out but the stent stays in keeping the artery wide
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12
Q

SB5c - What is BMI and what are its pros and cons?

A
  • A measure of weight relative to height calculated by mass ÷ height².
  • Its good at being a a measurement and comparison between people helping identify if they’re over/underweight or obese etc.
  • However it doesn’t take into account varying muscle and bone mass and so isn’t always an accurate way of assesing risk.
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13
Q

SB5c - What is CVD?

A

Cardiovascular disease is a result of the circulatory system functioning poorly and can lead to many side effects including high blood pressure, heart pains and even heart attacks

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14
Q

SB5c - Why is an obese person at a higher risk of developing CVD?

A

Obese people are more likely to have more body fat. More body fat increases risk of CVD

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15
Q

SB5d - Describe and explain the causes, types of pathogen, host organisms and symptoms associated with:

  1. Cholera
  2. Tubercolosis(TB)
  3. Chalara dieback
A
  1. Caused by vibrio cholera (bacteria). It’s hosts are animals/humans and it can lead to severe diarrhea and dehydration
  2. Caused by mytobacterium tubercolosis (bacteria). It’s hosts are humans/animals. It damages lung tissue leading to coughing fever and tiredness
  3. Caused by the fungus chalara and affects trees/plants. Lesions on trunks and leaves die earlier than usual
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16
Q

SB5d - Describe the type of pathogen, host organisms and symptoms associated with:

  1. Malaria
  2. Ebola
  3. Ulcers
A
  1. Caused by the plasmodium protist, it infects humans using moquitoes as a vector. Leads to fever weakness, sickness and lack of red blood/liver cells
  2. Caused by the ebola virus. It causes haemorrhagic fever.
  3. Caused by the heliobacter pylori bacteria, causing stomach ulcers, pain nausea and vomiting.
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17
Q

SB5d - Why are people with HIV likely to develop AIDS?

A
  • HIV attacks the white blood cells in your immune system making it weak.
  • Thus the immune system is inable to defend the body from secondary infections effectively
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18
Q

SB5d - Why are viruses not ‘true organisms’?

A

They don’t have a cellular structure and require hosts to survive

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19
Q

SB5e - State how the pathogen is spread and 1 way to prevent the spreading of this pathogen

  1. cholera
  2. tubercolosis
  3. malaria
  4. stomach ulcers
  5. ebola
  6. HIV
A
  1. water - boil water to kill bacteria prior to drinking
  2. airborne - ventilate buildings to reduce chance of breathing in bacteria in droplets of mucus coughed out by an infected person
  3. mosquito vector - prevent mosquitos biting people by keeping them off skin
  4. orally - cook food thoroughly to kill bacteria
  5. body fluids - quarantine infected people
  6. sexual fluids - use condoms
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20
Q

SB5f - Describe the lysogenic cycle.

A
  • The virus injects it’s genetic material into the host cell
  • The injected genetic material is incorporated into the DNA of the host cell
  • The viral genetic material gets replicated along with the host DNA every time the host cell divides - but the virus is dormant and no new viruses are made.
  • Eventually a trigger causes the viral genetic material to leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway
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21
Q

SB5f - Describe the lytic cycle.

A
  • Virus attaches to the host cell and injects its DNA into the cell
  • Virus copies itself and causes new proteins to be made, using the organelles in the host cell
  • DNA and Viral proteins are packaged together to form new viruses.
  • New viruses are released from the cell, which usually destroys it.
  • The new viruses are free to infect more cells
22
Q

SB5g - What are the chemical defences of a plant (giving examples where appropriate)?

A
  • Poisons (in foxgloves)
  • Natural insect repellents/alarm substances (Wild potatoes)
23
Q

SB5g - What are the physical defences of plants?

A
  • Waxy layer called the cuticle
  • Cell walls
24
Q

SB5h - How are keys used to identify plant diseases?

A

Farmers comare visible symptoms on infected plants to pictures to try and deduce which disease the plant has

25
Q

SB5h - How is diagnostic testing used to identify plant diseases?

A
  • Farmers will send off a sample of the infected plant to a lab where they will run tests to work out what the pathogen is.
  • They may also send soil samples to test for nutrients and toxins.
  • This can be very expensive.
26
Q

SB5h - What is a distribution analysis?

A
  • This is the study of the pattern of where diseased plants occur to help identify the cause
  • By using other information such as wind direction, you can deduce how the disease has spread and figure out what the disease is.
27
Q

SB5h - Which two methods may a farmer use to identify plant diseases?

A
  • Keys
  • Distribution analysis
  • Diagnostic testing
28
Q

SB5i - What are physical and chemical barriers?

A
  • Barriers to prevent pathogens from infecting the body.
  • Physical barriers stop them getting in and chemical barriers stop them from being effective.
29
Q

SB5i - What are the physical and chemical barriers in the body?

A

Chemical Barriers

  • Lysozyme enzyme in tears kills bacteria by digesting their cel walls
  • Hydrochloric Acid in stomach kills pathogens in food and drink

Physical Barriers

  • Unbroken skin is too thick for most pathogens to pierce
  • Sticky mucus in the breathing passages and lungs trap pathogens
  • Cilia on the cells lining the lungs waft mucus and trapped pathogens back up the throat where it can be swalloed
30
Q

SB5i - What is lysozyme?

A
  • Lysozyme is an enzyme screted by skin and in tears and saliva.
  • It is chemical defence that breaks down the cell walls of types of bacteria.
31
Q

SB5j - Describe and explain the differences in primary and secondary response in terms of lymphocytes.

A
  • The primary response takes a long time between infection and rise in antibody numbers
  • The numbers of antibodies produced isn’t that high
  • The number of antibodies doesn’t return back to its original value but slightly higher instead
  • After the second infection, the secondary response is a lot quicker.
  • It also produces a lot more antibodies
  • This is because of the already active memory lymphocytes
32
Q

SB5j - How do lymphocytes respond to pathogens?

A
  1. Each pathogen has unique antigens on its surface
  2. A lymphocyte with an anti-body that fits the antigen is activated
  3. The lymphocyte divides many tiems to produce clones of identical lymphocytes
  4. Some of the lymphocytes produce lots of antibodies which stick to the antigen and destroy them
  5. Other lymphocytes stay in the blood as memory lymphocytes in case the same antigen returns
33
Q

SB5j - How do phagocytes respond to pathogens?

A
  • They detect the pathogen and recognise it as a foreign body.
  • They then ingest the pathogen and use enzymes to destroy it.
34
Q

SB5j - How does a vaccination work?

A
  • A vaccination injects inactive/weak pathogens of a disease.
  • Lymphocytes with antibodies to tackle these are activated and memory lymphocytes are created
  • This means that if that pathogen infects the person after, there will be memory lymphocytes to tackle it quiclkly
  • This increases the person’s immunity to this disease as it reduces the severity of the symptoms and the time taken till the infection is dealt with
35
Q

SB5j - If a child is allergic and cannot be vaccinated, how can they still ba safe from the pathogen?

A
  • If around 95% of the people around them are vaccinated there is a very low chance of them getting the disease.
  • This is because all the others either won’t get it or will get rid of it before coming in contact with them.
  • This is called herd immunity.
36
Q

SB5j - What are the two main types of white blood cells involved in the immune response?

A
  • Phagocytes
  • Lymphocytes
37
Q

SB5j - Why will memory lymphocytes created after one infection not affect the speed of response for an infection by a different pathogen?

A

The memory lymphocytes created after one infection have antibodies specific to the antigens of that particular pathogen and won’t work on any othe pathogens.

38
Q

SB5k - Describe the stages of the clinical process.

A

First, a drug has to be discovered.

Pre-clinical development:

Testing on animals and human tissue to look for side effects

Clinical development:

  • Phase 1:
    • Small clinical trial to check for human side effects. (healthy volunteers)
  • Phase 2:
    • Slightly larger sample size looking for the optimum dosage (people with the ilness)
  • Phase 3:
    • Large clinical trial to test effectiveness. Placebo (decoy) also used to verify this.
39
Q

SB5k - What are antibiotics?

A

Substances that either kill or bacteria or inhibit their cell processes stopping them from growing/reproducing.

40
Q

SB5k - Why do new antibiotics constantly have to be developed?

A

Because bacteria are constantly evolving and developing resistance to existing antibiotics.

41
Q

SB5k CP - Describe the method you would undertake to investigate the growth of bacteria in relation to anitibiotic concentration.

A
  • Using aseptic technique, pour an agar plate, making sure that the bases is covered with a smooth layer of agar
  • Open a bottle of bacterial culture without putting it down and pass the neck through the flame of a bunsen burner
  • Take out a sterile pipette and without putting it down, draw some bacterial culture
  • Slightly open the lid of the petri dish and add some culture. Then place the pipette in disinfectant
  • Unwrap a steirle spreader, and open the lid of the petri dish slightly, and spread the culture around in a side to side motion.
  • Using a permanent marker, section out the bottom of the petri dish into four sections
  • Label one, the control
  • Using sterilised forceps dip three paper discs each into a different concentration of antibiotic solution, sterilising between
  • Place each disc ina section of the dish (not near the edge)
  • Leave for incubation
  • Measure clear spaces in each section
42
Q

SB5k CP - How do you measure the radius and the area of a clear space?

A

The length from the centre of the area where there hasn’t been bacterial growth to the edge of this section, is the radius of the clear space. The area is πr²

43
Q

SB5k CP - What are methods of aseptic techniques?

A
  • Sterilising equipment before use
  • Lighting a flame nearby
  • Only opening the petir dish slightly
  • Using an autoclave
  • Cleaning down surfaces before use
  • Wearing gloves
44
Q

SB5k CP - Why do we carry out bacterial cultural in aseptic conditions?

A
  • To avoid contamination with microroganisms in the air
45
Q

SB5l - Describe how and why monclonal antibodies are made.

A
  • First, an antigen is injected into a mouse.
  • The mouse produces lymphocytes with antibodies to target this antigen
  • However, once a lymphocyte starts producing antibodies, it can no longer divide, and so a cancer cell is grown in culture medium
  • The cancer cell is fused with the lymphocyte creating a hybridoma cell whic can both continue to divide and produce lymphocytes
46
Q

SB5l - How are monoclonal antibodies used in cancer diagnosis?

A
  • The monoclonal antibodies are made to target cancer cells.
  • They are also made radioactive.
  • Once inserted in the body, they will go to where the tumor is.
  • The radiation given off from the antibodies which help show a PET scanner where the tumors are located.
47
Q

SB5l - How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?

A
  • In pregnancy tests, to identify is the pregnancy hormone is present in urine. The monoclonal antibody matches the hormone and causes a reaction with the indicator
48
Q

SB5l - How are monoclonal antibodies used to find blood clots?

A
  • When blood clots, proteins in the blood join to form a solid mesh.
  • Monoclonal antibodies have been developed ot bind to these proteins
  • You can attach a radioactive element to these antibodies
  • Then, if you inject them into the body, then use a gamma camera, you can easily find the blood clot
49
Q

SB5l - How are monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancer?

A
  • An anti-cancer drug is attached to monoclonal antibodeis
  • These are given to the patient through a drip
  • They target specifically the cancer cells as they only bind to the tumour markers
50
Q

SB5l - Why are monoclonal antibodies effective in treating cancer?

A
  • Monoclonal antibodies can be made to specifically target cancer cells.
  • This means that unlike in many other forms of cancer treatment, healthy cells won’t be harmed.

GCSE Biology (9 decks)

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