Topic 7A Muscles and Respiration

Question 1

What is a ligament

Answer 1

Connective tissue attaching bones to other bones, elastic

Question 2

What is a tendon

Answer 2

Connective tissue attaching skeletal muscles to bones, elastic

Question 3

How do bones move at a joint

Answer 3

The flexor muscle contracts, pulling the bone. The antagonist relaxes.

Question 4

How do bones straighten at a joint

Answer 4

The extensor muscle becomes the agonist and contracts, while the antagonist muscle relaxes. this pulls the bones straight.

Question 5

What are muscles that work together called

Answer 5

antagonistic pairs

Question 6

Skeletal muscle structure

Answer 6

Muscle-> muscle fibre(cell)->myofibril->myofilaments actin + myosin

Question 7

features of muscle cells

Answer 7

Multinucleated
lots of mitochondria
sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium ions
sarcolemma folds to form t tubules

Question 8

What are thick myofilaments

Answer 8

myosin

Question 9

Thin microfilaments

Answer 9

actin

Question 10

sliding filament theory

Answer 10

Myosin and actin filaments slide over each other shortening the sarcomeres causing the muscle to contract.

Question 11

tropomyosin

Answer 11

blocks the actin myosin binding site

Question 12

troponin

Answer 12

holds tropomyosin in place

Question 13

how does muscle contraction occur

Answer 13

1.Action potential depolarises sarcolemma
2. calcium ions released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
3. calcium ions bind to troponin, changes shape and pulls tropomyosin off the actin myosin binding site
4. myosin head binds (actin myosin cross bridge)
5.myosin head moves as ATP broken down by ATPase
6. myosin head detaches and reattaches to new binding site

Question 14

Slow twitch fibre

Answer 14

contract slowly
endurance
aerobic respiration
more mitochondria and blood vessels
red- more myoglobin

Question 15

What is myoglobin

Answer 15

red protein that stores oxygen

Question 16

Fast twitch fibre

Answer 16

contract quickly
short bursts of speed or power
anaerobic respiration
white- less myoglobin

Question 17

Stages of aerobic respiration

Answer 17

Glycolysis
Link reaction
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

Question 18

Glycolysis products net

Answer 18

2 ATP
2 reduced NAD
2 pyruvate

Question 19

Glycolysis process

Answer 19

1.Glucose phosphorylated 2ATP->2ADP
2. 2x 3C molecule
3. 2x 3C molecule oxidised forming 2x pyruvate
2NAD->2 reduced NAD
4ADP->4ATP

Question 20

Link reaction net products 1 glucose

Answer 20

2CO2
2Reduced NAD
2acetyl CoA

Question 21

Link reaction process

Answer 21

Pyruvate decarboxylated and oxidised (NAD reduced) produces acetate
Acetate combined w coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA

Question 22

Krebs cycle net products

Answer 22

2CO2
3Reduced NAD
1Reduced FAD
1ATP

Question 23

Krebs cycle process

Answer 23

1. acetyl CoA joins 4C to form 6C
   2.6C decarboxylated and dehydrogenated to 5C
   3.5C decarboxylated (1) and dehydrogenated to form 4C, 1 ATP, 2 reduced NAD, 1 Reduced FAD

Question 24

Oxidative phosphorylation products 1 glucose

Answer 24

34ATP
3 each NAD
2 each FAD

Question 25

total ATP from one glucose aerobic respiration

Answer 25

38

Question 26

Oxidative phosphorylation process

Answer 26

1. Reduced NAD and FAD release H atoms which are split into H+ and e-
2. e- move through electron transport chain
3. energy lost in transport chain used to pump protons out of the matrix forming electrochemical gradient
4. protons move down gradient via ATPsynthase in chemiosmosis
5. oxygen final electron acceptor, forms H2O

Question 27

Anaerobic respiration in animals

Answer 27

lactate fermentation

Question 28

lactate fermentation process

Answer 28

glycolysis form pyruvate which is oxidised by NAD to form lactic acid

Question 29

How to combat lactic acid buildup

Answer 29

convert to pyruvate
convert to glucose in liver