Topic 7: Secondary Sources Flashcards
Official Statistics
Quantitative data gathered by the government or official bodies, which can be used to help with policy-making
Documents
Any written text
Public Documents
Produced by organisations which are available to researchers e.g OFSTED, Black Report
Personal Documents
First person accounts of social events and personal experiences
Historical Documents
Personal or public document created in the past
What are the two main sources of secondary data?
- Official statistics
- Documents
What are the two ways of collecting official statistics?
- Registration
- Official surveys e.g census
What are the different perspectives regarding official statistics?
- Positivists view them as ‘social facts’ which are true and objective e.g Durkheim’s study of suicide
- Interpretivists believe statistics are socially constructed (represent the labels some people give to the behaviour of others) e.g Atkinson’s coroners commonsense knowledge
- Marxists see them as serving the interests of capitalism as they maintain ruling class ideologies e.g unemployment rates, definition of unemployment changes to undermine the extent of the problem
What are the advantages of official statistics?
- Practical:
o saves time and money (free resource)
o comparison and collected at regular intervals = cause-and-effect relationships
o easy access - Theoretical:
o representative
o reliable
What are the disadvantages of official statistics?
- Practical problems:
o government collects stats for their own purpose, might not have stats for what sociologists are interested in
o definition state uses may be different from what sociologists use e.g poverty, truancy = difficult for comparison - Theoretical problems:
o lack validity, ‘hard statistics’ = valid BUT ‘soft’ statistics less valid not everything is reported e.g crimes, racist incidents and truancy in schools
What are the advantages of documents?
- Practical:
o saves time and money
o easy to access
o authentic as not written with research in mind
o used to study past - Theoretical:
o valid = verstehen
What are the disadvantages of documents?
- Practical problems:
o time consuming to read
o access - Theoretical problems:
o not reliable
o not representative
o researchers might impose their own opinions, interpret them differently
o authenticity, credibility
Content Analysis
Method for dealing systematically with the contents of documents to create quantitative data e.g Tuchman analyse TV portrayal of women