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Chemistry > (Topic 7) Organic Chemistry (CGP Book) > Flashcards

(Topic 7) Organic Chemistry (CGP Book) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydro carbon?

A

Any compound formed from carbon and hydrogen atoms only

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2
Q

What is general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

What are alkanes?

A
  • homologous series - a group of organic compounds that react in a similar way
  • saturated compounds- each carbon atom forms four single covalent bonds
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4
Q

Formula of methane?

A

CH4

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5
Q

Formula of ethane?

A

C2H6

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6
Q

Formula of propane?

A

C3H8

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7
Q

Formula of butane?

A

C4H10

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8
Q

Properties of a short carbon chain?

A

Less gloopy
Lower boiling points
More flammable

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9
Q

Equation for combustion in a hydrocarbon?

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

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10
Q

What is oxidised during combustion?

A

Carbon and hydrogen

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11
Q

Waste products in combustion?

A

Water and carbon dioxide

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12
Q

Number equation for combustion?

A

Fuel + _O2 -> _CO2 + _H2O

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13
Q

What is crude oil

A
  • fossil fuel
  • formed from plant and animal remains from millions of years ago
  • over time high temp and pressure led to formation of crude oil
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14
Q

Process of fractional distillation?

A
  • oil heated until most gas
  • gases enter fractionating column
  • in column it is hot at bottom and gradually cooler at top
  • longer hydrocarbons have higher boiling points so condense back into liquids and drain out of column early on
  • shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points so condense and drain later on
  • crude oil separated into different fractions
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15
Q

Uses of crude oil?

A

Fuel
Petrochemical industry

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16
Q

What is cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition reaction (breaking molecules down by heating them)

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17
Q

Process of cracking?

A
  • heat long chain hydrocarbons to vaporise them
  • vapour then passed over a hot powered aluminium oxide catalyst
  • long chain molecules split apart on the surface of the specks of catalyst
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18
Q

Process of steam cracking?

A
  • Vaporise the hydrocarbons
  • Mix them with steam
  • Heat them to a high temperature
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19
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Hydrocarbons that have a double bind between two of the carbon atoms

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20
Q

Why are alkenes reactive?

A

C=C double bond can open up to make a single bond allowing two of carbon atoms to bond with other atoms

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21
Q

What are first four alkenes?

A

Ethene, Propene, Butene and pentene

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22
Q

What are first four alkanes?

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane

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23
Q

Formula of ethene?

A

C2H4 with double bond

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24
Q

Formula of propene?

A

C3H6 with double bond

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25
Q

Formula of butene?

A

C4H8 with double bond

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26
Q

Formula of pentene?

A

C5H10 with double bond

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27
Q

General formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

28
Q

What happens when alkenes are burnt?

A

-Undergo incomplete combustion
- Carbon dioxide and water still produced but can also get carbon and carbon monoxide

29
Q

Equation of incomplete combustion?

A

Alkene + Oxygen -> Carbon + Carbon dioxide + Carbon monoxide + water

30
Q

What does incomplete combustion result in?

A

Smoky yellow flame and less energy being released

31
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A group of atoms in a molecule that determine how the molecule typically reacts
All alkenes have C=C so react in a similar way

32
Q

How do alkenes react?

A

Via addition reactions

33
Q

What happens when alkenes react with steam?

A

Water is added across double bond and an alcohol is formed

34
Q

What happens when alkenes react with halogens?

A

Molecules formed are saturated with C=C carbon each becoming bonded to a halogen atom

35
Q

How to test for alkenes?

A

Add orange bromine water to a double bond
If alkene the alkene will make it colourless

36
Q

What are polymers?

A

Long molecules formed when lots of small molecules called monomers join together

37
Q

What is the formation of polymers known as?

A

Polymerisation - usually needs high pressure and catalyst

38
Q

What are plastics made up of?

A

Polymers that are usually carbon based and their monomers often alkenes

39
Q

What are addition polymers made up of?

A
  • made from unsaturated monomers that have a double covalent bond
40
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

Lots of unsaturated monomer molecules can open up their double bonds and join together to form polymer chains

41
Q

General formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

42
Q

First four alcohols in homologous series?

A

Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol

43
Q

Properties of methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol alcohols?

A
  • flammable to produce carbon dioxide and water
  • soluble in water
  • oxidised by reacting with oxygen
44
Q

Use of alcohols?

A

Solvents
Fuels

45
Q

Process of fermentation?

A

Enzyme in yeast to convert sugars into ethanol as well as carbon dioxide
Happens fastest at 37c in a slightly acidic solution and under anaerobic conditions

46
Q

Formula of fermentation?

A

Yeast
Sugar ————-> ethanol + carbon dioxide

47
Q

Functional group of carboxylic acids?

A
  • COOH
48
Q

What are carboxylic acids?

A

Name ends in anoic acid
Homologous series of compounds

49
Q

How do carboxylic acids react with carbonates?

A

Produce salt, water and carbon dioxide
Salts formed end in anoate

50
Q

Formula for reaction carboxylic acid and carbonate?

A

Carboxylic acid + carbonate -> Salt + water + Carbon dioxide

51
Q

How do carboxylic acids react with water?

A
  • dissolve in water
  • when dissolve, ionise it and release H+ ions resulting in acidic solution
52
Q

How are esters formed?

A

From alcohol and carboxylic acids

53
Q

Functional groups of esters?

A

COO

54
Q

Formula for creation of esters?

A

Acid catalyst
Alcohol + carboxylic acid ————————-> ester + water

55
Q

Process of condensation polymerisation?

A
  • involves monomers which contain different functional groups
  • Monomers react together and bonds form between them, making polymer chains
  • for each new bond, a small molecule is lost
56
Q

Names of first four carboxylic acids?

A

Methanoic, ethanoic, propanoic, butanoic

57
Q

Differences in addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation?

A

Number of types of monomers
Addition - only one monomer type containing C=C bond
Condensation- two monomer types containing two of same functional groups

Number of products
Addition - Only one product formed
Condensation- Two types the polymer and a small molecule

Functional groups involved in polymerisation
Addition - Carbon-carbon double bond in monomer
Condensation - two reactive groups on each monomer

58
Q

What is amino acid made up of?

A

A basic amino group (NH2) and an acidic carboxylic group (COOH)

59
Q

What do amino acids form via condensation polymerisation?

A

Polypeptides

60
Q

What are one or more long chains of polypeptides known as?

A

Proteins

61
Q

Structure of DNA?

A

Double helix

62
Q

What is dna made up of?

A

Two polymer chains made up of monomers known as nucleotides
Bases on chains of polymer pair up with each other and form cross links keeping the two strands of nucleotides together

63
Q

What do nucleotides contain?

A

Contain a small molecule known as the base
Order of bases acts as a code for an organisms genes
Bases - ‘A,C,G,T’

64
Q

What are sugars?

A

Small molecules that contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

65
Q

How do sugars react and what do they produce?

A

React together through polymerisation reactions to form larger carbohydrate polymers

Chemistry (9 decks)

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