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Chemistry > Topic 7: organic chemistry > Flashcards

Topic 7: organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what is crude oil

A

crude oil is a mixture of compounds; a fossil fuel consisting of the remains of ancient biomass

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2
Q

what is a finite resource

A

cannot be replaced as it it is used up

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3
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

a compound made up exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms

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4
Q

what are alkanes

A

saturated hydrocarbons of a general formula

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5
Q

what is a homologous series

A

a series of compounds with same general formula, same functional groups and similar chemical properties

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6
Q

describe the combustion of hydrocarbons

A
  • exothermic reaction occurring when hydrocarbons are reacted with oxygen
  • complete combustion produces carbon dioxide and water
  • incomplete combustion produces carbon and carbon monoxide + water
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7
Q

describe the physical properties of alkanes

A
  • first few in series are gases, then change to liquids, then to solids
  • in general, boiling points and viscosity increase as molecules get bigger
  • volatility and flammability decrease as molecules get bigger
  • poor reactivity
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8
Q

explain how fractional distillation of crude oil takes place

A
  • crude oil is heated and vaporised
  • vapour rises up the fractional column
  • the column is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top
  • hydrocarbons cool as they go up the column and condense at different heights, as they have different boiling points
  • large molecules, high boiling points, collected at the bottom
  • small molecules, low boiling points, collected at the top
  • this gives fractions, which can be used in various ways
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9
Q

what is cracking

A

when large hydrocarbons are thermally broken down into smaller and useful molecules

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10
Q

what type of reaction is cracking

A

thermal decomposition

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11
Q

what are the conditions for cracking

A

reactant heater to vapour, passed over a hot catalyst or heated to vapour, mixed with steam and heated to high temperatures

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12
Q

how are the products of cracking used

A

the products are alkanes and alkenes - used as polymers and starting materials for synthesis

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13
Q

what is an alkene

A

an unsaturated hydrocarbon

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14
Q

what bond do an alkene have

A

c=c bond

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15
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

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16
Q

what is the test of alkenes

A

add bromine water
colour change occurs from orange to colourless

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17
Q

describe the combustion of alkenes

A

they burn with smoky flames due to incomplete combustion

18
Q

what is an alcohol
(not the drink)

A

an organic compound that contains an -OH functional group

19
Q

state characteristics of methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol

A
  • dissolve in water to form a neutral solution
  • react with sodium to from hydrogen
  • burn in oxygen
  • react with carboxylic acids in presence of acid catalysts to form esters
20
Q

oxidation of the alcohols lead too

A

carboxylic acids

21
Q

some uses of alcohols

A

fuels
solvents
drinks

22
Q

state the conditions required for fermentation of glucose

A

30 degrees celsius
aqueous solution of glucose
absence of air
yeast is added

23
Q

what are carboxylic acids

A

organic compounds that contain a COOH functional group

24
Q

state characteristics of carboxylic acids

A
  • dissolve in water to form an acidic solution
  • react with metal carbonates to form carbon dioxide
  • react with alcohols with an acid catalyst to produce esters
  • react with metals to give off hydrocarbon gas
25
Q

what type of acid is carbonic acid?

A

it is a weak acid

26
Q

explain why carboxylic acids are weak acids

A

they are partially dissociated in water, thus the Ph of carboxylic acid in the solution is not as low as a solution of a strong acid of the same concentration

27
Q

what is an ester and how is it formed?

A

an organic compound containing a -COO- functional group, formed from carboxylic acid and alcohol in the presence of a sulphuric acid catalyst
they have a fruity smell

28
Q

what is a polymer

A

a polymer is a long chain molecule which is made by lots of smilier molecules joining together

29
Q

how do molecules contain c=c bonds form polymers

A

c=c bonds open up and many smaller molecules (monomers) join together to form a chain. no other products are made

it is called an addition polymerisation reaction

30
Q

3 examples of addition polymers and their uses

A

polythene - plastic bag
polytetaflurioethen - teflon surfaces, for use on non-stick kitchenware
polychloroethene - water pipes

31
Q

what is a repeating unit of a polymer

A

it is a smallest structure which, upon numerous translations, yields the structure of the polymer

32
Q

what is a condensation polymer

A

it is a polymer made up in condensation polymerisation
in this reaction many molecules join together, the polymer is formed but also a small molecule is released

33
Q

what is amide bond

A

an amide bond is similar to the ester bond, it contains the c=o group

34
Q

what is amino acid

A

it is an organic compound that contains both a carboxylic acid functionality and an amine functional group

35
Q

how do amino acids make proteins

A

by numerous condensation polymerisation; protein are polymers made of amino acids

36
Q

what are polypeptides

A

polypeptides are also made by condensation polymerisation of amino acids, but are shorter than proteins. one could think about proteins as a product of many polypeptide chains bonded together

37
Q

what are carbohydrates

A

they are organic molecules made of C,H and O. they are basically relevant.

both of these polymers made of glucose monomers, their structures differ in the way the glucose molecules are joined together.

38
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid

39
Q

what is DNA

A

dna is a material that makes up chromosomes, cell structures that store genetic information

dna is made of two polymer chains that are held together in a double helix.

each polymer chain can be made from 4 different monomers, nucleotides

40
Q
A

Chemistry (10 decks)

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