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MISS ESTRUCH FLASHCARDS > TOPIC 7: GENETICS, POPULATIONS, EVOLUTION AND ECOSYSTEMS > Flashcards

TOPIC 7: GENETICS, POPULATIONS, EVOLUTION AND ECOSYSTEMS Flashcards

1
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic constitution of an
organism

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2
Q

Phenotype

A

the expression of the genetic
constitution
and its interaction with the
environment

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3
Q

Homozygous

A

two copies of the same allele for
a gene

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4
Q

Heterozygous

A

two different alleles for the
same gene

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5
Q

Recessive allele

A

An allele that is only expressed
if there are no dominant alleles
present

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6
Q

Dominant allele

A

An allele that is always
expressed in the phenotype

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7
Q

Codominance

A

two alleles are both dominant
both are expressed in the
phenotype

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8
Q

Multiple alleles

A

More than two alleles for a gene

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9
Q

Sex-linkage

A

a gene located on the X
chromosome
in the non-homologous region

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10
Q

Autosomal
linkage

A

genes located on
the same
chromosome
(not the X or Y
chromosome)

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11
Q

Epistasis

A

When one gene masks/modifies
with the expression of another
gene

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12
Q

Monohybrid

A

The inheritance of one gene

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13
Q

Dihybrid

A

The inheritance of two genes

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14
Q

Natural
selection

A

the process that leads to
evolution in populations
results in species becoming
better adapted to their
environment

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15
Q

Selection
pressure

A

factors that affect the survival
of an organism
the driving force of natural
selection

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16
Q

Differential
reproductive
success

A

not all individuals are equally
likely to reproduce
results in changes in allele
frequencies within a gene pool

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17
Q

Allele
frequency

A

The proportion of an allele in
the population

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18
Q

Disruptive
selection

A

Individuals with either extreme
trait are more likely to survive
and pass on their alleles
the middling trait allele
becomes less frequent
leads to speciation

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19
Q

Reproductively
isolated

A

Two populations of the same
species, but they cannot breed
together
there is no gene flow

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20
Q

Speciation

A

the process that results in the
creation of new species

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21
Q

Allopatric
speciation

A

Two populations become
reproductively isolated due to
being geographically separated
results in the formation of two
new species

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22
Q

Sympatric
speciation

A

Two populations become
reproductively isolated whilst in
the same location
e.g. due to changes in behaviour
results in the formation of two
new species

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23
Q

Genetic drift

A

the change in the allele
frequency within a
population between
generations
occurs from one
generation to the next
substantial genetic drift
results in evolution

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24
Q

Population

A

All the individuals of one
species in the same area at the
same time

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25
Q

Habitat

A

The range of physical, biological
and environmental factors in
which a species can live

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26
Q

Community

A

all the species in a particular
area at a particular time

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27
Q

Ecosystem

A

a community and the non-living
components of an area
they can range from very small
to very large in size

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28
Q

Niche

A

An organism’s role within an
ecosystem
their position in the food web
and their habitat

29
Q

Carrying
capacity

A

The maximum population size
an ecosystem can support

30
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Non-living conditions of an
ecosystem

31
Q

Biotic factors

A

Impact and interactions
between organisms

32
Q

Interspecific
competition

A

Competition between members
of different species

33
Q

Intraspecific
competition

A

Competition between members
of the same species

34
Q

Predator-prey
relationship

A

the interaction between
predator and prey and how this
affects their population sizes

35
Q

When would you
use random
sampling?

A

when there is a uniform
distribution of the plant species
to avoid bias

36
Q

Quadrat

A

a frame
gridded or opened
used to sample non-motile
organisms

37
Q

What must you do
to ensure your
samples are
representative?

A

Take a large sample (at least
30)
randomly sample

38
Q

When would you
use a line
transect

A

When sampling a non-uniform
area
e.g. a rocky shore

39
Q

Belt transect

A

one tape measure is placed
through an ecosystem that is
not uniform
the quadrat is placed at every
position along a tape measure

40
Q

Interrupted belt
transect

A

one tape measure is placed
through an ecosystem that is
not uniform
the quadrat is placed at set
intervals along the tape
measure

41
Q

The 3 measurements
you can take when
counting plants in a
quadrat?

A

density
percentage cover
frequency

42
Q

Density
measurement

A

when you count the individuals
present

43
Q

Frequency
measurement

A

count how many squares out of
the 100 contain the species you
are investigating

44
Q

Percentage cover
measurement

A

investigator estimates the
percentage of the entire quadrat
covered with the species that is
being investigated
standardise by counting 1% for
every small square that is at
least half covered by the plant

45
Q

When would you
use mark-release recapture?

A

Estimate the population size of
motile organisms

46
Q

What is a
succession?

A

the change in an ecological
community over time

47
Q

What is a
primary
succession

A

a succession with a pioneer
species colonising bare rock or
sand
the first time the land is
colonised

48
Q

What is a
secondary
succession?

A

there is a disruption that
causes plants to be destroyed
succession starts again, but the
soil is already formed

49
Q

Pioneer
species

A

The first species to colonise an
area
e.g. lichen

50
Q

Climax
community

A

The final seral stage in
succession
the most stable stage

51
Q

Humus

A

A thin layer of soil that forms in
early primary succession

52
Q

Conservation of
habitats

A

Protecting habitats as a means
to protect species
maintains habitats and food
sources

53
Q

What is the
advantage of
managing succession?

A

Conserves a range of habitats
and a range of food sources
enabling a wider range of
species to survive

54
Q

Hardy-Weinberg
principle

A

a mathematical model used to
predict the allele frequencies
within a population
p^2 + 2pq +q^2 = 1

55
Q

Assumptions of the
Hardy-Weinberg
principle

A

There will be no change in the
allele frequency between
generations within a population
e.g. no deaths, births or
migration

56
Q

Assumptions of
mark-release recapture

A

the marked individuals released
distribute evenly after being
released
no migration
no births or deaths

57
Q

What creates
genetic
variation?

A

mutations
crossing over in meiosis
independent segregation in
meiosis
random fertilisation of gametes

58
Q

Selective
advantage

A

Individuals with alleles that
make them more likely to
survive in that environment

59
Q

Effects of
stabilising
selection

A

the middle (median) trait has a
selective advantage and
continues to be the most
frequent in the population
range decreases as the extreme
traits are lost over time

60
Q

Effects of
directional
selection

A

one of the extreme traits has a
selective advantage
occurs when there is a change
in the environment
the modal trait changes

61
Q

Effects of
disruptive
selection

A

alleles for the extreme traits
and the middling trait allele
become less frequent
leads to speciation

62
Q

Evolution

A

a change in allele frequencies in
populations
over many generations

63
Q

Why is genetic drift
important in small
populations?

A

the impact of allele frequency
changes has a bigger impact
proportionally
results in evolution occurring
more rapidly

64
Q

How would you
randomly sample?

A

place two tape measures at
right angles to create a gridded
area
use a random number generator
to get coordinates
place the quadrate at the
coordinates and collect the data
repeat at least 30 times

65
Q

How would you
sample using a
line transect?

A

Place a tape measure at a right
angle to the
road/river/shoreline
place quadrat every set
distance meters (e.g. 5 metres)
collect the data in each quadrat
repeat placing the tape
measure in parallel 30 times

66
Q

What is the formula to
calculate population
size with mark-release recapture?

A

estimated total population = number of organisms initially caught x number of organisms in second sample / number of marked organisms recaptured

67
Q

Describe the mark release-
recapture
method of sampling

A

an initial sample of the
population is captured
individuals are marked and
released
allow them time to randomly
disperse
a second sample is captured
the total number captured in
the second sample and the
number recaptured with the
marking are recorded

68
Q

Describe the
changes you would
see in a succession

A

Abiotic factors become less
hostile
biodiversity increases
becomes more stable

MISS ESTRUCH FLASHCARDS (8 decks)

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