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MISS ESTRUCH FLASHCARDS > TOPIC 1: BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES > Flashcards

TOPIC 1: BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Flashcards

1
Q

Monomer

A

The smaller units from which larger
molecules are made (polymers)

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2
Q

Polymer

A

Molecules made from a large
number of monomers joined
together through a condensation reaction

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3
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The single unit sugars from which larger
carbohydrates are made
e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose

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4
Q

Disaccharide

A

Formed by the condensation reaction of two
monosaccharides
held together by a glycosidic bond
e.g. maltose, sucrose, lactose

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5
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Formed by the condensation of
many glucose units
held by glycosidic bonds
e.g. starch, glycogen, cellulose

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6
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide in plant cell walls
formed by the condensation of
β-glucose

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7
Q

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide in animals
formed by the condensation of
α-glucose

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8
Q

Starch

A

Polysaccharide in plants
formed by the condensation of
α-glucose
contains two polymers - amylose
and amylopectin

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9
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

C–O–C link
between two sugar molecules
formed by a condensation reaction
it is a covalent bond

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10
Q

Amylose

A

Polysaccharide in starch
made of α-glucose
joined by 1,4-glycosidic bonds
coils to form a helix

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11
Q

Amylopectin

A

Polysaccharide in starch
made of α-glucose
joined by 1,4 and 1,6-glycosidic
bonds
branched structure

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12
Q

Condensation
reaction

A

A reaction that joins two molecules
together
with the formation of a chemical
bond
involves the elimination of a
molecule of water

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13
Q

Hydrolysis
reaction

A

A reaction that breaks a chemical
bond
between two molecules
involves the use of a water molecule

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14
Q

Fibrils

A

Long, straight chains of β-glucose
glucose
held together by many hydrogen
bonds

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15
Q

Triglyceride

A

Formed by the condensation of one
molecule of glycerol and three
molecules of fatty acids
forming 3 ester bonds

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16
Q

Phospholipid

A

Formed by the condensation of one
molecule of glycerol and two
molecules of fatty acid
held by two ester bonds
a phosphate group is attached to
the glycerol

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17
Q

Induced-fit
model

A

The enzyme active site is not
initially complementary to the
substrate
the active site moulds around the
substrate
this puts tension on bonds
lowers the activation energy

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18
Q

Competitive
inhibitor

A

A molecule that is the same/similar
shape as the substrate
binds to the active site
prevents enzyme-substrate
complexes from forming

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19
Q

Non-competitive
inhibitor

A

A molecule that binds to an enzyme
at the allosteric site
causing the active site to change
shape
preventing enzyme-substrate
complexes from forming

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20
Q

Primary
structure

A

The sequence of amino acids on a
polypeptide chain

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21
Q

Secondary
structure

A

The folding or coiling
to create a β pleated sheet or an
α helix
held in place by hydrogen bonds

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22
Q

Tertiary
structure

A

The further folding
to create a unique 3D shape
held in place by hydrogen, ionic and
sometimes disulfide bonds

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23
Q

Quaternary
structure

A

More than one polypeptide chain in
a protein

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24
Q

Peptide bond

A

Covalent bond joining amino acids
together in proteins
C–N link between two amino acid
molecules
formed by a condensation reaction

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25
Q

What is the effect of
temperature on enzyme controlled
reaction

A

At low temperatures, there is not
enough kinetic energy for
successful collisions between the
enzyme and substrate.
At too high a temperature,
enzymes denature, the active site
changes shape and enzyme substrate
complexes cannot form.

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26
Q

What is the effect of pH
on enzyme-controlled
reaction

A

Too high or too low a pH will
interfere with the charges in the
amino acids in the active site.
This breaks the ionic and hydrogen
bonds holding the tertiary
structure in place
therefore the active site changes
shape and the enzyme denatures
Different enzymes have a different
optimal pH

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27
Q

What is the effect of
substrate concentration
on enzyme-controlled
reaction

A

At low substrate concentrations,
there will be fewer collisions
between the enzyme and substrate.
At high substrate concentrations,
the rate plateaus
because all the enzyme active sites
are saturated

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28
Q

What is the effect of
enzyme concentration
on enzyme-controlled
reaction

A

At low enzyme concentrations,
there will be fewer collisions
between the enzyme and substrate.
At high enzyme concentrations, the
rate plateaus
because there are more enzymes
than the substrate, so many empty
active sites.

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29
Q

Ester bond

A

–COO– chemical bond
formed between glycerol and fatty
acids

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30
Q

Hydrophilic

A

The ability to mix, interact or
attract water

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31
Q

Hydrophobic

A

The tendency to repel and not mix
with water

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32
Q

Glucose

A

Monosaccharide that exists as two
isomers
β glucose and α glucose

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33
Q

Galactose

A

An example of a monosaccharide
that forms lactose

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34
Q

Fructose

A

An example of a monosaccharide
that forms sucrose

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35
Q

Isomer

A

Molecules with the same molecular
formula
but the atoms are arranged
differently

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36
Q

Maltose

A

Disaccharide
formed by the condensation
of two glucose molecules

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37
Q

Lactose

A

Disaccharide
formed by the condensation
of a glucose molecule and a
galactose molecule

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38
Q

Sucrose

A

Disaccharide
formed by the condensation
of a glucose molecule and a
fructose molecule

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39
Q

Polypeptide

A

Polymer chain of a protein
made up of amino acids
bonded together by peptide bonds
following condensation reactions

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40
Q

Amino acid

A

The monomer of a protein
formed from C,H,O,N
contains a carboxyl group, amine
group and an R group

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41
Q

Carboxyl group

A

COOH group
made up of a C with hydroxyl (OH)
and carbonyl (double-bonded O)
group bonded to it
found in amino acids and fatty
acids

42
Q

Amine group

A

NH2 group found on amino acids

43
Q

R group on
amino acids

A

The variable group
the part of each of the 20 amino
acids that is different

44
Q

α helix

A

A secondary structure in proteins
a coiled shape held in place by
hydrogen bonds

45
Q

β pleated sheet

A

A secondary structure in proteins
a folded, pleated shape
held in place by hydrogen bonds

46
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak bond
forms between H and O
in many biological molecules e.g.
proteins, water, DNA, tRNA

47
Q

Ionic bonds

A

A bond that forms between the R
groups of different amino acids
in the tertiary structure of proteins

48
Q

Disulfide bonds

A

A strong covalent bond
between two sulfur atoms in the R
groups of different amino acids
in the tertiary structure of proteins

49
Q

Active site

A

Unique-shaped part of an enzyme
that the substrate binds to

50
Q

Activation
energy

A

The minimum amount of energy
required for a reaction to occur

51
Q

Enzyme-substrate
complex

A

forms when an enzyme and
substrate collide and bind
resulting in a lowered activation
energy

52
Q

Denature

A

When the active site changes shape
so the substrate can no longer bind

53
Q

Enzyme-inhibitor
complex

A

The structure that forms when an
enzyme and inhibitor collide and
bind
prevents enzyme-substrate
complexes from forming

54
Q

Saturated
fatty acid

A

A long hydrocarbon chain with a
carboxyl group at one end
only single bonds between carbon
atoms

55
Q

Unsaturated
fatty acid

A

A long hydrocarbon chain with a
carboxyl group at one end
at least one double bond between
carbon atoms

56
Q

Polar molecule

A

A molecule that has an uneven
distribution of charge

57
Q

Phospholipid
bilayer

A

Phospholipids have two charged
regions
in water, they are positioned so
that the heads are exposed to
water and the tails are not

58
Q

Plasma
membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer
cell surface membranes and
organelle membranes

59
Q

Reducing sugar

A

sugars that can reduce Cu ions in
Benedict’s reagent to Cu ions in the
form of copper (I) oxide
which forms a brick-red precipitate

60
Q

Test for
reducing sugar

A

Add Benedict’s reagent
heat
observe green/yellow/orange/brick
red precipitate

61
Q

How does the structure
of a triglyceride relate
to it’s function?

A

large ratio of energy-storing
carbon-hydrogen bonds compared
to the number of carbon atoms; a
lot of energy is stored in the
molecule
high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
atoms they act as a metabolic
water source
do not affect water potentials and
osmosis
have a relatively low mass

62
Q

How does the structure of
a phospholipid relate to
it’s function?

A

Phospholipids have two charged
regions, so they are polar
In water, they are positioned so
that the heads are exposed to
water and the tails are not.
This forms a phospholipid bilayer
which makes up the plasma
membrane around cells.

63
Q

How does the
structure of a
triglyceride and
phospholipid differ?

A

A phospholipid has one fewer fatty
acid chain
which is replaced by a phosphate
group

64
Q

What is the difference
between saturated and
unsaturated fatty
acid?

A

A saturated fatty acid has no
double bonds between carbon
atoms
where as unsaturated fatty acids
had at least one double bond
between carbon atoms

65
Q

Non-reducing
sugar

A

a sugar unable to reduce Cu
the glycosidic bond must be
hydrolysed to expose the reducing
group
e.g. sucrose

66
Q

Test for nonreducing
sugar

A

Following a negative Benedict’s test
boil sample in acid and then
neutralise with alkaline
add Benedict’s reagent and heat
observe orange/brick red colour

67
Q

Test for starch

A

Add iodine
turns blue/black

68
Q

Test for lipids

A

Add ethanol and shake
to dissolve
then add water
white emulsion forms

69
Q

Test for protein

A

Add biuret
turns purple

70
Q

Nucleotide

A

The monomer of DNA and RNA
contains a pentose sugar, a
phosphate group and a nitrogenous
base

71
Q

Nitrogenous
base

A

Part of a nucleotide
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
and uracil

72
Q

DNA nucleotide

A

The monomer of DNA
contains a deoxyribose sugar, a
phosphate group and a nitrogenous
base

73
Q

Polynucleotide

A

DNA polymer
many nucleotides
joined together via
a condensation
reaction
joined by
phosphodiester
bonds

74
Q

Phosphodiester
bond

A

Bond joining two nucleotides
together
forms between a phosphate group
and the pentose sugar

75
Q

Complementary
base pairs

A

The base pairs that align opposite
each other and form hydrogen
bonds
adenine and thymine/uracil
guanine and cytosine

76
Q

Ribose

A

pentose sugar
found in RNA nucleotide and ATP

77
Q

Uracil

A

Nitrogenous base
found in RNA instead of thymine

78
Q

mRNA

A

a copy of a gene
single-strand polymer of RNA

79
Q

tRNA

A

found only in the cytoplasm
single-stranded but folded to
create a shape that looks like a
cloverleaf
held in place by hydrogen bonds

80
Q

rRNA

A

rRNA combines with protein to
make ribosomes

81
Q

DNA template
strand

A

A DNA strand that is used to make a
new DNA copy from
both DNA strands in the double
helix are used as templates in DNA
replication

82
Q

DNA polymerase

A

An enzyme in DNA replication
joins together adjacent nucleotides

83
Q

Semi-conservative
replication

A

DNA replication is semiconservative
replication
one strand is from the parental
DNA and one strand is newly
synthesised

84
Q

DNA helicase

A

Enzyme that breaks hydrogen
bonds between the two chains of
DNA in a double helix
causes the two strands to separate
involved in DNA replication and
transcription

85
Q

Large latent heat
of vaporisation

A

a lot of energy is required to convert
water from its liquid state to a
gaseous state
this is due to the hydrogen bonds,
as energy is needed to break these
to turn it into a gas
means water can provide a cooling
effect

86
Q

High specific
heat capacity

A

a lot of energy is required to raise
the temperature of the water
because some of the heat energy is
used to break the hydrogen bonds
between water molecules
important so water can act as a
temperature buffer

87
Q

Metabolite

A

Water is involved in many reactions
such as photosynthesis, hydrolysis,
and condensation reactions

88
Q

Solvent

A

Water is a good solvent
meaning many substances dissolve
in it
polar (charged) molecules dissolve
readily in water due to the fact
water is polar

89
Q

Strong
cohesion

A

water molecules ‘stick’ together
due to hydrogen bonds
results in water moving up the
xylem as a continuous column of
water
provides surface tension, creating
a habitat on the surface of the
water for small invertebrates

90
Q

ATP synthase

A

Enzyme that catalyses the
synthesis of ATP from ADP + Pi

91
Q

ATP hydrolase

A

Enzyme that catalyses the
hydrolysis of ATP into ADP +Pi

92
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The addition of a phosphate group
to a molecule
making the molecule more
reactive/it gains energy

93
Q

Structure of
water

A

Water is a polar molecule
the oxygen atom is slightly
negative
the hydrogen atoms are slightly
positive

94
Q

Dipeptide

A

Two amino acids bonded together
by a peptide bond
formed by a condensation reaction

95
Q

RNA nucleotide

A

monomer of RNA
composed of a phosphate group,
ribose and a nitrogenous base
has the base uracil instead of
thymine

96
Q

Role of
hydrogen ions

A

determine the pH
the more hydrogen ions, the more
acidic the conditions are
an important role in chemiosmosis
in respiration and photosynthesis

97
Q

Role of
iron ions

A

a compound of haemoglobin
involved in oxygen transport

98
Q

Role of sodium ions
in co-transport

A

involved in co-transport for
absorption of glucose and amino
acids in the ileum

99
Q

Role of
phosphate ions

A

as a component of DNA, RNA and
ATP
phosphodiester bond in DNA and
RNA forms between the phosphate
group and the pentose sugar

100
Q

Fatty acid
structure

A

carboxyl group and a long
hydrocarbon chain
can be saturated or unsaturated

MISS ESTRUCH FLASHCARDS (8 decks)

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