Topic 7 - Fundamentals of Computer Organisation and Architecture Flashcards
What is a bus?
A series of parallel wires that connects the internal components of a computer system
What is the address bus?
A bus that is used to transport memory addresses, specifying where data is sent to or retrieved from
What does increasing the width of the address bus do?
It increases the computer’s amount of addressable memory (a portion of memory that can be accessed by its address)
What is the data bus?
A bus that sends data and instructions to and from the different components of the computer system.
What does increasing the width of the data bus do?
Increases the volume of data that can be transferred over a bus at any one time
What is the Control Bus?
Used to send control signals to the registers and the data/address buses
The signals are to control the flow of data - to ensure data is at the right place at the right time
What are the I/O Controllers?
Pieces of hardware that control the communication of data between the processor and external hardware devices
What way does the data travel in an address bus?
One way from the CPU to the address bus and one way from the address bus to memory/IO Controllers
What way does data travel in Control or Data Buses?
Bidirectionally
What are the differences between Von Neumann Architecture and Harvard Architecture?
1) Harvard architecture has separate buses for data and instructions, whereas they are combined in Von Neumann - this makes Harvard quicker as there are fewer bits of data in each of the buses, so the data can travel more quickly and have fewer collisions
2) Harvard CPUs can access and read/write at the same time, Von Neumann can’t.
3) Harvard Architecture can be controlled by multiple processors, Von Neumann only one.
4) Harvard is more expensive
What is the Stored Program Concept?
Serially fetching and executing machine code instructions stored in main memory by a processor that performs logical and arithmetic functions
Fetch - Execute Cycle
1) The Content of the PC is copied to MAR
2) The content of MAR is sent to the main memory by the address bus
3) The instruction is sent from main memory to MBR by the data bus
4) The PC is incremented by one
5) The content of the MBR is copied to CIR
Decode -
1) The Content of the CIR is decoded by the control unit, splitting it into two parts - opcode and operands
Execute -
1) The instruction is executed by relevant part of the processor
2) Results of any calculations are stored in the accumulator
Checking for Interrupts -
Between the execute and fetch stage of the cycle, the status register is checked for interrupts
What is a register?
A small storage location within the CPU, which is used to hold data temporarily. They have high read/write speeds
What is an interrupt?
A signal sent to the processor by another part of the computer requesting the attention of the processor
What are some examples of an interrupt?
The computer’s I/O controller informing the processor that a key on the keyboard has been pressed
Software can send interrupts, including errors such as stack overflow or dividing by 0