Topic 7 - Fuels and Earth Science COMPLETE PK Flashcards
1 What are the chemical symbols for the elements carbon and hydrogen?
C; H
2 What type of bond (ionic, metallic or covalent) is found in simple molecules?
covalent
3 What state (solid, liquid or gas) is crude oil at room temperature?
liquid
4 How many shared electrons are there in a covalent bond?
two
5 Which element forms long chains in simple polymers such as polyethene
carbon
6 Which type of compound only contains hydrogen and carbon atoms?
hydrocarbon
7 Are ‘petrochemicals’ made from petrol, rock or crude oil?
crude oil
8 How many years (hundreds, thousands or millions) does it take for crude oil to form?
millions
9 If something is not being made any more, is it described as ‘finite’ or as ‘non-renewable’?
finite
10 About how many litres of crude oil does the world use each second (180, 1800 or 180 000)?
180 000
11 Name the two elements found in hydrocarbons.
carbon; hydrogen
12 Crude oil is forming extremely slowly. Does this make it a finite resource or a non-renewable one?
finite
13 Petrol comes from crude oil. Give one use for petrol.
fuel for cars
14 Name the main hydrocarbon found in natural gas.
methane
15 Diesel oil is being used up faster than crude oil forms. Does this make it a finite resource or a non-renewable one?
non-renewable
16 Name the polymer formed from ethene, which comes from crude oil.
polyethene
17 Name the state change that occurs when a gas becomes a liquid.
condensing/condensation
18 What bonds or forces exist between molecules (ionic, covalent or intermolecular)?
intermolecular forces
19 Compared with metals, do simple molecules typically have high boiling points or low ones?
low
20 Name the method used to separate a mixture of two or more liquids with different boiling points.
fractional distillation
21 Give one typical use of fuel oil.
fuel for large ships/fuel for some power stations
22 Crude oil is a source of feedstock. Give one other type of useful substance from crude oil.
fuels
23 Is crude oil described as a finite resource or an infinite resource?
finite
24 Name a non-renewable fossil fuel obtained from crude oil.
petrol/kerosene/diesel oil/fuel oil
25 Name the main non-renewable fossil fuel in natural gas.
methane
26 What process is used to separate crude oil into useful mixtures?
fractional distillation
27 Give one use for the gases fraction from crude oil.
domestic heating/cooking
28 Which fraction is more easily ignited, bitumen or kerosene?
kerosene
29 Which fraction is more viscous, bitumen or kerosene?
bitumen
30 Which hydrocarbons have the greater boiling points, the ones with larger molecules or the ones with smaller molecules?
larger molecules
31 Which elements are present in hydrocarbon molecules?
carbon; hydrogen
32 What is the most abundant element in air?
nitrogen/N2
33 Which gas reacts with hydrocarbons when they burn?
oxygen/O2
34 Name one fossil fuel used in cars.
petrol/diesel oil
35 Name a gas produced when carbon burns.
carbon monoxide/carbon dioxide
36 What compound forms when hydrogen burns in air?
water
37 What is the main fossil fuel in natural gas?
methane
38 To get a roaring blue Bunsen burner flame, do you open or close the air hole?
open it
39 Which cells in the blood carry oxygen around the body?
red blood cells
40 What is the black solid element found in soot and smoke?
carbon
41 What are the products of the complete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels?
carbon dioxide; water
42 Which gas is produced during incomplete combustion, but not complete combustion, of hydrocarbon fuels?
carbon monoxide
43 What solid element is produced during the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels?
carbon
44 Name the fuel used for large ships and some power stations.
fuel oil
45 Which gas reacts with hydrocarbon fuels when they burn?
oxygen
46 What is the pH of pure water?
7
47 Name the gas formed when acids react with metals.
hydrogen (MASH)
48 Name the gas formed when acids react with calcium carbonate.
carbon dioxide (CASHOCO)
49 Name the most abundant gas in the air.
nitrogen
50 Name the solid yellow element placed below oxygen in group 6 of the period table.
sulfur
51 Name one hydrocarbon fuel used for cars.
petrol; diesel
52 Which fraction ignites more easily, kerosene or fuel oil?
kerosene
53 Which fraction contains hydrocarbon molecules with the longer molecules, gases or bitumen?
bitumen
54 Name the process used to separate crude oil into simpler, more useful mixtures.
fractional distillation
55 Name the homologous series to which ethane belongs.
alkanes
56 What are the two products of complete combustion of ethane?
carbon dioxide; water
57 What type of rain forms when sulfur dioxide, from some hydrocarbon fuels, dissolves in rainwater?
acid
58 Name the greenhouse gas released when any hydrocarbon fuel burns.
carbon dioxide
59 Which occupies the least volume, 1 kg of hydrogen gas or 1 kg of liquid hydrogen?
1 kg of liquid hydrogen
60 Is crude oil a finite resource or a renewable resource?
finite resource
61 Which common compound of carbon and oxygen is thought to have been an abundant gas in Earth’s early atmosphere?
carbon dioxide
62 What are the names of the Earth’s two nearest neighbouring planets?
Venus and Mars
63 Name the biological process that increases oxygen levels and reduces carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
photosynthesis
64 What geological feature of a planet’s surface can give out large amounts of hot gas?
volcano
65 Name the physical process that describes changing a vapour into liquid.
condensation
66 What type of reaction occurs when a metal gains oxygen?
oxidation
67 How old do scientists think the Earth is: 4.5 billion years, 4.5 million years or 450 000 years?
4.5 billion years
68 What sort of rocks are formed from layers of deposited material?
sedimentary rocks
69 Which gaseous element forms most of the Earth’s atmosphere today?
nitrogen
70 Titan is an icy moon of Saturn. What is ice made of?
water
71 Where were the gases that formed the Earth’s early atmosphere released from?
volcanoes
72 What two compounds are thought to have formed most of the Earth’s early atmosphere?
water, carbon dioxide
73 What is the chemical test for carbon dioxide?
turns limewater milky/cloudy
74 What element forms most of the Earth’s atmosphere today?
nitrogen
75 Which element that makes up about 21% of the atmosphere of Earth today was not thought to be present in the atmosphere 4.5 billion years ago?
oxygen
76 As the Earth evolved, chemical reactions with what element are thought to have slowed the release of oxygen to the atmosphere?
iron
77 What gas given out by volcanoes is thought to have condensed to form oceans?
water vapour
78 What factor has caused changes in Earth’s atmosphere but is not found on Venus or Mars?
life
79 What process in plants releases oxygen?
photosynthesis
80 What is the chemical test for oxygen?
relights a glowing splint
81 The relighting of a glowing splint is the test for what gas?
oxygen
82 Why did the formation of the Earth’s early oceans cause a decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations?
the carbon dioxide dissolved in the water
83 What do some sea creatures use dissolved carbon dioxide to help them do?
form shells
84 What sort of chemical compound are shells made from: an oxide, a carbonate or a chloride?
carbonate
85 What is the formula for calcium carbonate?
CaCO3
86 What process in plants and algae causes a reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations?
photosynthesis
87 Photosynthesis affects the concentrations of two gases in the atmosphere – carbon dioxide, and what other gas?
oxygen
88 Give the name of some of the earliest photosynthetic microorganisms.
cyanobacteria
89 Certain gases in the atmosphere keep the Earth warm. What is this effect called?
greenhouse effect
90 Give the name of one of the most common greenhouse gases.
carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour
91 Name three greenhouse gases.
methane, carbon dioxide, water vapour, CFCs and many others
92 Energy is transferred from the Sun by what?
infrared/electromagnetic) radiation/waves/light
93 The warm Earth emits what type of electromagnetic waves?
infrared
94 In an atmosphere containing greenhouse gases, what happens to some of the infrared waves that the Earth emits?
absorbed and re-emitted in all directions
95 Why do modern thermometers give better quality evidence than those from the 18th century?
thermometers are now more accurate/have a better resolution
96 What word beginning with c describes the way in which two variables appear to be linked because they show similar patterns of change?
correlation
97 What term is used to describe the changes to average weather conditions around the world?
climate change
98 Evidence for carbon dioxide variations over the last 800 000 years comes from Antarctica. In what form is this evidence?
ice cores
99 What type of human activity has mainly increased the level of greenhouse gases since 1750?
burning fossil fuels
100 The acidity of the oceans is increasing due to more carbon dioxide dissolving in the water. What is this doing to the pH of the oceans?
decreasing it/making it more acidic
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound that is made up of hydrogen and carbon only
What is crude oil?
A mixture of different length hydrocarbons
How do we seperate out the mixture of crude oil?
Fractional distillation
During fractional distillation, cruide oil is heated until…
it is a gas
Where does crude oil go once it has become a gas?
It goes into a condensing column
Long chain hydrocarbons which don’t evaporate become…
residue
The residue that is left during fractional distillation of crude oil because it doesn’t evaporate is…
bitumen
What is bitumen used for?
Making roads
It is very hot/cold at the bottom of the condensing column
hot
As we move up the condensing tower, the temperature increases/decreases
decreases
At different temperatures in a condensing column…
different length hydrocarbons come off
Gases can be produced at the top/bottom of the condensing column
Top
Gasoline and naptha are produced near the top/middle/bottom of a condensing tower
Top
Kerosene is produced in the top/middle/bottom of a condensing tower
Middle
Diesel and fuel oil are produced near the top/middle/bottom of a condensing tower
Bottom
Short hydrocarbons come off at the top/bottom of a condensing tower
Top
Long hydrocarbons come off at the top/bottom of a condensing tower
Bottom
Things at the top of a condensing column are highly/not very flammable
highly
Things at the bottom of a condensing column are highly/not very flammable
Not very
Things at the bottom of a condensing column are very/not viscous
very
Things at the top of a condensing column are very/not viscous
not
True/False: Long hydrocarbons that come out of fractional distillation aren’t always the most useful
True
From fractional distillation we get lots/few long hydrocarbons which are/aren’t very useful
lots, aren’t
From fractional distillation we get lots/few short hydrocarbons which are/aren’t very useful
few, are
How do we crack long hydrocarbons?
Heat and a catalyst
What does cracking long hydrocarbons produce?
Alkenes and short alkanes
Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon involves lots of…
oxygen
Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon involves lots of oxygen, which is the _______ ____ flame on a bunsen burner
roaring blue
What is the word equation for complete combustion?
Hydrocarbon + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide
What is incomplete combustion?
When there is not enough oxygen
What colour flame on a bunsen burner is incomplete combustion?
Orange
Incomplete combustion is more problematic because…
it produces carbon monoxide, which is highly toxic, and carbon
What is the word equation for incomplete combustion?
Hydrocarbon + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide + carbon monoxide + carbon
What are the 3 main greenhouse gases?
Carbon dioxide, water vapour and methane
Which greenhouse gas has the largest impact on the environment?
Carbon dioxide
The bonds in carbon dioxide are really good at absorbing…
infrared/heat radiation
Carbon dioxide absorbing infrared radiation means that it becomes trapped in our atmosphere and therefore…
warms the planet
What does the warming of the planet as a result of infrared radiation being trapped in our atmosphere mean?
When heat and light energy from the sun comes to the earth it is usually reflected back by the earth and would normally go straight out into space, however it is being trapped by greenhouse gases and therefore staying in our atmosphere and heating it up
We can see a gradual increase/decrease in the levels of carbon dioxide over time
Increase
The levels of carbon dioxide have picked up speed/slowed down in recent years
picked up speed
True/False: There is one thing that humans do which is the reason that the levels of carbon dioxide are increasing
False, there are lots of things which humans do that increase the levels of carbon dioxide
True/False: Global warming means that everywhere is getting hotter
False, not everywhere is getting hotter
What impact is global warming having on deserts and farmland?
They are drying out completely
What impact is global warming having on ice poles?
The are melting
Why is the fact that ice poles are melting as a result of global warming bad for polar bears?
They live on these blocks of ice and hunt in the water - then jump on the ice when they need a rest. Because the ice is melting, there is nowhere for polar bears to rest and therefore lots are drowning
Ice caps melting leads to increased/decreased levels of flooding in other places
Increased
Why does the melting of ice caps result in flooding in some areas?
The sea levels are rising
If sea levels continue to rise then…
certain places, especially areas on the coast, will end up underwater
Whilst Australia are having their hottest Christmases ever, the UK are having their…
coldest Christmases ever and seeing unpresidented levels of snow
True/False: Climate change only effects people
False, it effects animals and plants aswell
As temperature changes, top of mountains which perhaps used to be under snow is now available for…
Habitation by new animals and plants
If you have a house on top of a mountain which you know is protected from certain types of animals because you know it is too cold or warm for them there, the changing climate could mean…
That this is not the same anymore as with the changing climate animals are moving up and down slopes as their habitats are changing
Why do animals’ habitats change?
As temperature changes and as the location of their food source changes
What is your carbon footprint?
How much carbon your daily activities contribute to the atmosphere
What kind of things impact a person’s carbon footprint?
Whether you drive or walk to a destination, whether you eat food that is grown locally instead of food that has travelled a long distance, etc
Give 2 examples of human activities that contribute to the production of carbon dioxide
Any 2 from burning fossil fuels for use as electricity, deforestation - cutting down trees so that the trees can’t take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere anymore and our reliance on petrol cars
The predictions for the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is that…
they are just going to increase
The predictions for global warming in coming years is…
It is just going to increase
How can we stop the levels of carbon dioxide and global warming increasing?
If we as a population decide to do something about it
Sulfur dioxide is one of the _____ pollutants
major
What happens when sulfur dioxide goes up into the atmosphere?
It dissolves in the clouds and comes back down as acid rain
When sulfur dioxide goes up into the atmosphere, what does it come back down as?
Acid rain
Acid rain has an effect on a small/wide range of things
wide
True/False: Animals are immune to acid rain
False, acid rain will hurt animals that come into contact with it
What will happen to fish and plants in a lake/ocean/pond if a it becomes too acidic?
They will start to die
True/False: Acid rain can kill plants
True
True/False: Acid rain will destroy limestone statues as they will dissolve in the acid rain
True
What are the effects of too much carbon in the air?
It will lead to large levels of smog and global dimming
Where is smog and global dimming as a result of too much carbon in the air often prevelant?
Developing countries
True/False: Water vapour contributes to the warming of the planet
True
True/False: Carbon dioxide is not toxic
False, it is toxic
True/False: Nitrogen oxides contribute to acid rain and help prevent smog
False, they contribute to smog and acid rain
The air we breathe is made up of one gas/lots of different gases
lots of different gases
The air we breathe is predominantly ________ gas
nitrogen
What percentage of the air we breathe is oxygen?
21
True/False: There is a large number of other gases in the air besides oxygen and nitrogen, including a small amount of carbon dioxide
True
What was the early atmosphere mainly formed from?
Things coming out of volcanoes
True/False: In the earth’s early atmosphere there was a small amount of ammonia
False, there was a large amount of ammonia
True/False: In the earth’s early atmosphere there was methane
True
In the earth’s early atmosphere there was/wasn’t any water vapour in the air
was
True/False: There was no carbon dioxide in the air in the earth’s early atmosphere
False, there was some
Why would the earth’s early atmosphere not be a nice place to be?
Ammonia smells like old baby nappies and methane smells like farts
Why did the levels of water vapour in the earth’s early atmosphere decrease?
It rained and therefore made the oceans
Give 2 reasons why levels of carbon dioxide in the earth’s early atmosphere decreased?
Any 2 from it dissolved in oceans, turned into fossils and photosynthesis started to take place
With the evolution of green plants, oxygen started to increase/decrease
increase
Why did the levels of oxygen in earth’s early atmosphere start to increase?
Photosynthesis started to take place
