Topic 3 & 4 - Chemical Changes and Extracting Metals and Equilibria Flashcards
1
Q
- What term describes a substance that attacks metals, stonework and skin?
A
corrosive
2
Q
- Name an acidic solution found in the kitchen.
A
vinegar or fruit juice, etc.
3
Q
- Name an alkaline solution used in the kitchen.
A
bleach or oven cleaner or soap, etc.
4
Q
- What type of substance turns litmus paper red?
A
acid
5
Q
- How does an indicator show the acidity or alkalinity of solutions?
A
by changing colour
6
Q
- What pH values represent alkaline solutions?
A
above 7 or 8 to 14
7
Q
- What happens in all chemical reactions?
A
new substances are formed
8
Q
- What kind of reaction occurs between an acid and an alkali?
A
neutralisation
9
Q
- What do you call a solution that is neither acidic nor alkaline.
A
neutral
10
Q
- Give the name and formula of a common laboratory acid.
A
hydrochloric acid (HCl) or nitric acid (HNO3) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4), etc.
11
Q
- Which ion is in excess in all acidic solutions?
A
hydrogen ions or H+ ions
12
Q
- Which ion is in excess in all alkaline solutions?
A
hydroxide ions or OH– ions
13
Q
- What scale is used for measuring acidic and alkaline properties?
A
the pH scale
14
Q
- Name three examples of acid/alkali indicators apart from universal indicator.
A
litmus, methyl orange and phenolphthalein
15
Q
- What would you use to measure pH to one decimal place?
A
a pH meter
16
Q
- What pH values are acidic?
A
below 7
17
Q
- What colour is phenolphthalein in a solution with a pH of 2?
A
colourless
18
Q
- What happens to the pH as the H+ ion concentration increases?
A
it decreases
19
Q
- If a solution has the same concentration of hydrogen ions as hydroxide ions, how is it described?
A
neutral or pH = 7
20
Q
- If 2 g of salt is dissolved in 250 cm3 of solution, what is its concentration in g dm–3?
A
8 g dm–3
21
Q
- What word describes a solution that contains a large amount of solute in a small volume of solvent?
A
concentrated
22
Q
- How can a solution be made more dilute?
A
by adding solvent/water
23
Q
- If 24 g of acid is dissolved in 600 cm3 of solution, what is its concentration in g dm–3?
A
40 g dm–3
24
Q
- What happens when strong acid molecules dissolve in water?
A
they dissociate completely into ions
25
Q
- What kind of reaction occurs between an acid and a base?
A
neutralisation
26
Q
- What happens to the pH of an acid as it reacts with a neutraliser?
A
pH increases
27
Q
- What is formed when an acid reacts with a base like a metal oxide?
A
salt + water
28
Q
- What acid would be used to make zinc sulfate from zinc oxide?
A
sulfuric acid (sulphuric acid makes sulphates!)
29
Q
- What process can be used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid?
A
filtration
30
Q
- How can a sample of a dissolved salt be obtained from a salt solution?
A
evaporation of the water
31
Q
- In general, what is the pH of an alkaline solution?
A
greater than 7
32
Q
- Which ions, hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions, are released by alkalis in solution?
A
hydroxide ions (OH-)
33
Q
- What colour is litmus solution in acidic solutions?
A
red
34
Q
- What name is given to substances that react with acids to form a salt and water only?
A
bases (bases are metal oxides and hydroxides, soluble bases are alkalis)
35
Q
- Which salt is formed when copper oxide reacts with sulfuric acid?
A
copper sulfate
36
Q
- What type of reaction happens between an acid and a base?
A
neutralisation
37
Q
- What type of solution has a pH of 7?
A
neutral
38
Q
- Name the acid that has the formula HCl.
A
hydrochloric acid
39
Q
- What colour is phenolphthalein in alkaline solutions?
A
pink (it is colourless in acid conditions)
40
Q
- What is the formula for sulfuric acid?
A
H2SO4
41
Q
- Name the salt produced when sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid.
A
sodium chloride
42
Q
- Which ions, hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions, are released by acids in solution?
A
hydrogen ions (H+)
43
Q
- What substance, other than a salt, is produced when an alkali neutralises an acid?
A
water
44
Q
- What name is given to substances that are soluble bases?
A
alkalis
45
Q
- What is the formula for hydrochloric acid?
A
HCl
46
Q
- What type of solution has a pH above 7?
A
alkaline
47
Q
- What colour is phenolphthalein in acidic solutions?
A
colourless – not ‘clear’
48
Q
- Name a piece of apparatus used to measure volumes of liquid.
A
measuring cylinder/pipette/burette
49
Q
- Name the separation method used to produce crystals from a solution.
A
crystallisation
50
Q
- Name the acid needed to make ammonium nitrate.
A
nitric acid
51
Q
- Which acid can be used to make copper sulfate?
A
sulfuric acid
52
Q
- Which base can be used to make copper sulfate?
A
copper oxide
53
Q
- Which substance is needed to complete the general equation: acid + base makes salt + …?
A
water (BASHO)
54
Q
- What is the formula of nitric acid?
A
HNO3
55
Q
- What is the name of the salt formed from zinc oxide and hydrochloric acid?
A
zinc chloride
56
Q
- What is the formula of the salt formed from calcium oxide and hydrochloric acid?
A
CaCl2
57
Q
- Which ions are present in large quantities in aqueous solutions of all acids?
A
H+ Hydrogen ions
58
Q
- Which ions are present in large quantities in aqueous solutions of all alkalis?
A
OH– Hydroxide ions
59
Q
- Which gas is formed when dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium?
A
hydrogen (MASH)
60
Q
- Which gas is formed when dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium carbonate?
A
carbon dioxide (CASHOCO)
61
Q
- What acid can be used to make copper chloride?
A
hydrochloric acid (hydrochloric acid makes chlorides)
62
Q
- What gas is given off when magnesium reacts with dilute sulfuric acid?
A
hydrogen (MASH)
63
Q
- How do you identify Hydrogen gas?
A
gives a squeaky pop with a lighted splint
64
Q
- What is seen when magnesium is added to dilute sulfuric acid?
A
effervescence/fizzing/bubbles (yes you know this is hydrogen, but you can not see that!!)
65
Q
- What is the formula of magnesium sulfate?
A
MgSO4
66
Q
- What gas is produced when copper carbonate is added to dilute nitric acid?
A
carbon dioxide (CASHOCO)
67
Q
- How do you test for Carbon Dioxide?
A
it turns limewater milky
68
Q
- What is the formula of the salt produced when copper carbonate reacts with nitric acid?
A
(Cu(NO3)2)
69
Q
- Sodium chloride dissolves in water to form a solution. Which is the solute?
A
sodium chloride
70
Q
- What do we call the liquid that dissolves a solute to form a solution.
A
solvent
71
Q
- What is the formula of water?
A
H2O
72
Q
- What is the formula of sodium chloride?
A
NaCl
73
Q
- What is the formula of carbon dioxide?
A
CO2
74
Q
- The formula of magnesium chloride is MgCl2. What is the ratio of magnesium ions to chloride ions?
A
1:2
75
Q
- The formula of sulfuric acid is H2SO4. How many atoms of each element are in the formula?
A
H = 2, S = 1, O = 4
76
Q
- The formula of calcium nitrate is Ca(NO3)2. How many calcium, nitrogen and oxygen atoms are in the formula?
A
Ca = 1, N = 2, O = 6
77
Q
- There are two numbers alongside chlorine in the periodic table, 17 and 35.5. What does the number 17 represent?
A
atomic number
78
Q
- What does the number 35.5 represent?
A
relative atomic mass
79
Q
- Sodium chloride has the formula NaCl. The relative atomic mass of sodium is 23 and that of chlorine is 35.5. What is the relative formula mass of NaCl?
A
58.5
80
Q
- A water molecule has the formula H2O. The relative atomic mass of hydrogen is 1 and that of oxygen is 16. What is the relative formula mass of a molecule of water?
A
18
81
Q
- What is the symbol for relative atomic mass?
A
Ar or RAM
82
Q
- What is the symbol for relative formula mass?
A
Mr or RFM
83
Q
- The relative atomic mass of hydrogen is 1. What is the relative formula mass of hydrogen molecules?
A
2
84
Q
- Sodium chloride has the formula NaCl; the relative atomic mass of sodium is 23 and that of chlorine is 35.5. What is the relative formula mass of NaCl?
A
58.5
85
Q
- A water molecule has the formula H2O; the relative atomic mass of hydrogen is 1 and that of oxygen is 16. What is the relative formula mass of water?
A
18
86
Q
- A carbon dioxide molecule has the formula CO2; the relative atomic mass of carbon is 12 and that of oxygen is 16. What is the relative formula mass of carbon dioxide?
A
44
87
Q
- What is the empirical formula of a compound with molecular formula C2H4?
A
CH2
88
Q
- What is the empirical formula of a compound with molecular formula C3H8?
A
C3H8
89
Q
- A sample of magnesium carbonate was heated in an open test tube. Why did it lose mass?
A
gas/carbon dioxide escaped
90
Q
- 100 cm3 of a solution contained 2 g of salt. What is the concentration of the salt in g dm-3?
A
20
91
Q
- A sample of copper carbonate was heated in an open test tube. Why did it lose mass?
A
gas/carbon dioxide escaped
92
Q
- Why does magnesium increase in mass when it is heated in air?
A
combines with oxygen
93
Q
- How many cm3 are there in 1 dm3?
A
1000
94
Q
- What is 250 cm3 expressed in dm3?
A
0.25
95
Q
- What is 0.5 dm3 expressed in cm3?
A
500
96
Q
- 100 cm3 of a solution contains 1.5 g of salt. What is the concentration of the salt solution in g dm3?
A
15
97
Q
- 250 cm3 of a solution contains 5 g of sugar. What is the concentration of the sugar solution in g dm3?
A
20
98
Q
- A solution of copper sulfate has concentration 10 g dm3. What mass of copper sulfate will be dissolved in 100 cm3 of solution?
A
1 g
99
Q
- 2 g of hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form 18 g of water. What mass of water will be formed from 1 g of hydrogen?
A
9 g
100
Q
- 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O. How many molecules of hydrogen are needed to react with 1 dozen molecules of oxygen to form water?
A
2 dozen
101
Q
- What is the abbreviation used for the mole, the unit for amount of substance?
A
mol
102
Q
- How many particles are there in 1 mole of particles?
A
6.02 x 1023
103
Q
- The mass of 1 mole of carbon atoms is 12 g. What is the mass of 2 moles of carbon atoms?
A
24 g
104
Q
- What is the formula for calculating the number of moles of substance from its mass in g
A
moles = mass (g) / RAM or RFM
105
Q
- Each water molecule contains three atoms. How many moles of atoms are there in 2 moles of water molecules?
A
6 mol
106
Q
- The relative formula mass of chlorine gas is 71. What is the mass of 1 mole of chlorine gas?
A
71 g
107
Q
- What is the Avogadro number?
A
6.02 x 1023 the number of atoms/particles in a mole
108
Q
- What is the emperical formula of a compound?
A
The simplist whole number ratio of atoms in compound
109
Q
- What is the law of conservation of mass?
A
total mass of reactants = total mass of products
110
Q
- How are the emperical formula and molecular formula related?
A
The molecular formula is a multiple of the emperical formula
111
Q
- What name is given to an atom that has gained or lost electrons?
A
ion
112
Q
- What type of charge is on metal and hydrogen ions?
A
positive
113
Q
- What type of charge is on most non-metal ions?
A
negative
114
Q
- What is another name for a positive ion?
A
cation
115
Q
- What is another name for a negative ion?
A
anion
116
Q
- What is the symbol for a sodium ion?
A
Na+
117
Q
- What is the symbol for a magnesium ion?
A
Mg2+
118
Q
- What is the symbol for a chloride ion?
A
Cl<span>-</span>
119
Q
- What is the symbol for a sulfate ion?
A
SO42-
120
Q
- In what states do ionic compounds conduct electricity?
A
when molten or dissolved in water
121
Q
- Which of these is not an electrolyte: solid sodium chloride, molten sodium chloride, aqueous sodium chloride?
A
solid sodium chloride
122
Q
- What is the name of the positively charged electrode?
A
anode
123
Q
- What type of ions are attracted to the positively charged electrode?
A
anions / negative ions
124
Q
- What is the name of the negatively charged electrode?
A
cathode
125
Q
- What type of ions are attracted to the negatively charged electrode?
A
cations / positive ions
126
Q
- H What process takes place when a substance gains electrons?
A
reduction
127
Q
- H In terms of subatomic particles, what happens to a substance when it is oxidised?
A
It loses electrons.
128
Q
- H What type of reaction takes place at the anode during electrolysis?
A
oxidation
129
Q
- What are inert electrodes made from?
A
graphite / platinum
130
Q
- What is produced at the cathode when molten lead bromide is electrolysed?
A
lead
131
Q
- What gas is formed when sodium reacts with water?
A
hydrogen
132
Q
- What solution is formed when sodium reacts with water?
A
sodium hydroxide
133
Q
- What colour is universal indicator when added to sodium hydroxide?
A
blue or purple
134
Q
- What gas is formed when magnesium is added to dilute sulfuric acid?
A
hydrogen (MASH)
135
Q
- What solution is formed when magnesium reacts with dilute sulfuric acid?
A
magnesium sulfate
136
Q
- What would you see when magnesium is added to dilute sulfuric acid?
A
effervescence/fizzing/bubbles/magnesium disappears
137
Q
- Name a metal that does not react with water or dilute acids.
A
copper/silver/gold/platinum
138
Q
- What products are formed when zinc is added to copper sulfate solution?
A
zinc sulfate and copper
139
Q
- What type of reaction takes place when zinc is added to copper sulfate solution?
A
displacement
140
Q
- Magnesium reacts with chromium nitrate solution to form magnesium nitrate and chromium. Which metal is more reactive?
A
magnesium
141
Q
- Name a metal that reacts vigorously with cold water.
A
potassium/sodium/rubidium/caesium/lithium/calcium
142
Q
- What gas is produced when a metal reacts with water?
A
hydrogen
143
Q
- How do you test for the gas produced in question 2?
A
It pops a lighted splint.
144
Q
- What type of solution is formed when a metal reacts with water - acidic, alkaline or neutral?
A
alkaline
145
Q
- What salt is formed when zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid?
A
zinc chloride
146
Q
- Complete the word equation, magnesium + copper sulfate makes …
A
copper + magnesium sulfate
147
Q
- What type of ions are formed from metal atoms when they react with acids?
A
cations/positive ions
148
Q
- What type of reaction takes place when a substance loses oxygen?
A
reduction
149
Q
- Name a metal that occurs uncombined in the Earths crust.
A
gold/silver/platinum
150
Q
- Name a metal that could be extracted from its metal oxide by heating with carbon.
A
zinc/iron/copper
151
Q
- Name a metal that occurs uncombined in the Earths crust.
A
gold/silver/platinum
152
Q
- Name a metal, other than iron, that could be extracted from its metal oxide by heating with carbon.
A
zinc/copper
153
Q
- What compound of carbon is formed when it is heated with copper oxide?
A
carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide
154
Q
- Why is electrolysis not used to extract iron from iron oxide?
A
too expensive/too much energy needed
155
Q
- Why is aluminium not extracted by heating aluminium oxide with carbon?
A
aluminium is more reactive than carbon/carbon is not reactive enough to remove the oxygen
156
Q
- What is the aluminium oxide dissolved in to form the electrolyte for electrolysis?
A
molten cryolite
157
Q
- What are the electrodes made from?
A
carbon/graphite
158
Q
- At which electrode is the aluminium produced?
A
cathode/negative electrode
159
Q
- What type of reaction takes place when a metal is extracted from its ore?
A
reduction/redox
160
Q
- What type of reaction takes place when a metal corrodes?
A
oxidation/redox
161
Q
- What is the definition of oxidation, in terms of oxygen?
A
gain of oxygen
162
Q
- H What is the definition of oxidation, in terms of electrons?
A
loss of electrons
163
Q
- What type of reaction takes place when metals are extracted from their ores?
A
reduction/redox
164
Q
- What is the specific name for the corrosion of iron?
A
rusting
165
Q
- Which of these metals will corrode most quickly - iron, sodium, copper?
A
sodium
166
Q
- Why does sodium corrode most quickly.
A
most reactive metal corrodes most quickly
167
Q
- Which substance has been oxidised in this reaction - copper oxide + hydrogen → copper + water?
A
hydrogen
168
Q
- Which substance has been reduced in in this reaction - copper oxide + hydrogen → copper + water?
A
copper oxide
169
Q
- What name is given to a process that converts an unwanted product into a new, useful product?
A
recycling
170
Q
- Name a type of substance that can be recycled.
A
metal, plastic, paper, cardboard, glass, etc.
171
Q
- What can happen in a reversible reaction?
A
the products can reform the reactants
172
Q
- What does the term equilibrium describe?
A
a position of balance
173
Q
- What is the process used to make ammonia?
A
Haber Process
174
Q
- What is the molecular formula of ammonia?
A
NH3
175
Q
- What is the balanced symbol equation for making ammonia from Nitrogen (N2) and Hydrogen (H2)
A
N2 +3H2 → 2NH3
176
Q
- Where does nitrogen come from for use in the Haber Process?
A
From the fractional distillation of air
177
Q
- Where does Hydrogen come from for use in the Haber process?
A
From methane from crude oil
178
Q
- What conditions of pressure are required to increase the yield of ammonia in the Haber Process?
A
High pressure (because there are more molecules on the LHS of the equation)
179
Q
- The forward reaction is exothermic. What conditions of temperature are required to increase the yield of ammonia in the Haber Process?
A
Low temperature (The equilibrium will shit to try and produce heat)
180
Q
- Theoretically, a high yield of ammonia is produce at low temperature and high pressure. Why is this not used in reality?
A
Low temperatue will result in a slow rate of reaction. High pressures are expensive and dangerous.
