TOPIC 7

Question 1

Thick layers of loose,
unconsolidated soil and colluvium
(accumulated debris at the base of
slopes) on steep slopes.

Answer 1

1. SOIL TYPE

Question 2

Soil Resonance occurs
when the natural frequency of the soil
matches the ___________during an
earthquake.

Answer 2

2. natural frequency of a building or structure

Question 3

Liquefaction reduces
the soil’s ability to support the weight
of buildings, leading to a loss of
bearing capacity. This can cause
structures to tilt or sink into the
ground.

Answer 3

3. Loss of Bearing Capacity

Question 4

Use ductile materials
and flexible designs to absorb and
dissipate seismic energy.

Answer 4

4. Resilient Structural Design

Question 5

The modulus of
elasticity reflects deformation
resistance. A higher modulus
indicates less deformation under
stress, crucial for maintaining
structural integrity during
earthquakes.

Answer 5

5. Modulus of Elasticity

Question 6

The increase in the
intensity of Seismic waves due to
local soil conditions, leading to strong
shaking.

Answer 6

6. Amplification

Question 7

These materials, such
as bedrock and compacted soil,
attenuate seismic waves, reducing
shaking and minimizing structural
damage.

Answer 7

7. Dense Soils and Rock layers

Question 8

Buildings of certain
heights may suffer more damage
than others due to their frequency
matching the soil’s resonance.

Answer 8

8. Selective Damage

Question 9

The city’s soft clay soil
amplified seismic waves

Answer 9

9. Mexico City 1985 Earthquake

Question 10

10. Conduct detailed
    geotechnical investigations to
    determine soil type, density, moisture
    content, and stratification.

Answer 10

10. Site Characterization

Question 11

Consider the flexibility
of the foundation and its impact on
the overall structural behavior.

Answer 11

11. Soil-Structure Interaction

Question 12

To account for local
soil conditions and seismic hazards.

Answer 12

12. Tailor structural designs

Question 13

Ensure foundations
are designed to resist _____ and
______.

Answer 13

13. differential settlement and lateral spreading

Question 14

Install drains to reduce
pore water pressure and prevent
liquefaction in saturated soils.

Answer 14

14. Drainage Systems

Question 15

Use _____ to decouple
the structure from ground motion,
reducing the transfer of seismic
energy

Answer 15

15. base isolators

Question 16

This allows for timely
evacuation and shutdown of critical
systems.

Answer 16

16. Early Warning Signs

Question 17

Use _____ and ______
to absorb and dissipate seismic
energy.

Answer 17

17. ductile materials and flexible designs

Question 18

Incorporate
redundancy to ensure structural
integrity during extreme events.

Answer 18

18. Resilient Structural Design

Question 19

The weighted
average shear strength of cohesive
soil (clay) in the top 30 meters.

Answer 19

19. AVERAGE UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH

Question 20

. The weighted average number of blows per 300 mm penetration in
the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), indicating soil density and stiffness.

Answer 20

20. AVERAGE STANDARD PENETRATION RESISTANCE (SPT)

Question 21

Four Examples of Major Earthquakes including YEAR and
LOCATION.

Answer 21

Tōhoku Earthquake (Japan, 2011)
Terremoto de Valdivia Earthquake (Chile, 1960)
Good Friday Earthquake (Alaska, 1964)
Luzon Earthquake (Baguio, 1990)
Inabanga Fault Earthquake (Bohol, 2013)
Midnight Killer Earthquake (Moro Gulf, 1976)