topic 7

Question 1

nitrogenous waste

Answer 1

urea, uric acid, creatine
kidney and skin (constituents of urine and sweat)

Question 2

kidney structure

Answer 2

cortex, medulla, nephron

Question 3

urinary system components

Answer 3

aorta, kidney, renal artery and vein, kidney, ureter, bladder, sphincter muscle, urethra

Question 4

nephron structure

Answer 4

bowman’s capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct

Question 5

glomerulus

Answer 5

contained in bowman’s capsule
dense network of blood capillaries
wrapped around by basement membrane
- one cell thick
- partially permeable
glomerular filtrate

Question 5

proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 5

brush border of microvilli (increase sa)
numerous mitochondria (tubule epithelial cells, for active transport)

Question 6

function of kidney

Answer 6

excretory organ - removes metabolic waste
osmoregulator - regulate salt and water balance, pH and volume of blood (pressure)

Question 7

ultrafiltration

Answer 7

afferent arteriole - brings blood into glomerulus
efferent arteriole - brings blood away from glomerulus
afferent is wider, thus has higher hydrostatic blood pressure (for ultrafiltration)

ultrafiltration: smaller particles filtered out, larger particles remain in blood

filtered out: glomerular filtrate

Question 8

selective reabsorption

Answer 8

all essential substances are reabsorbed
mainly at pct, also occurs at loop of henle and dct
diffusion or active transport
water reabsorbed via osmosis
nitrogenous waste material not reabsorbed

Question 9

final reabsorption of water

Answer 9

dct and collecting ducts
antidiuretic hormone increases the permeability of walls / epithelium of dct and collecting duct, increasing the volume of water reabsorbed
produced in hypothalamus, stored and released by pituitary gland
produces concentrated or dilute urine

Question 10

kidney failure treatments

Answer 10

dialysis
blood from patient is drawn from a VEIN and flows through dialysis machine
kidney transplant

Question 11

features of dialysis machine

Answer 11

specially controlled dialysis fluid (same concentration of essential materials as blood)
partially permeable walls: smaller diffuse out, large cannot

Question 12

kidney transplant

Answer 12

donated from living relative, living unrelated (friend or spouse), deceased (recently died with no known chronic kidney disease)