topic 6

Question 1

aerobic vs anaerobic

Answer 1

aerobic
require oxygen
co2 and water
releases all energy in glucose
anaerobic
no oxygen
lactic acid
less energy

Question 2

lactic acid

Answer 2

vigorous activity
take in more oxygen
remove carbon dioxide faster
heartbeat increase (send more glucose and oxygen to muscle cells and co2 to lungs)
breathing and heartbeat as limits
thus anaerobic produces extra energy required

oxygen debt
continuation of fast heart rate
fast transport of lactic acid away and oxy to liver
continue deeper and speedier breathing
oxygen required to remove lactic acid from blood
lactic acid oxidised to release energy in liver, used to convert remaining to glucose

Question 3

nose and cavity

Answer 3

ciliated cells, goblet cells, moist mucus membrane
air warmed by moisture
hair and mucus trap dust and foreign particles

Question 4

parts of respiratory system

Answer 4

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli

Question 5

larynx

Answer 5

vocal cords
sound production

Question 6

trachea

Answer 6

c-shaped cartilage keep it open during low pressure
passageway for air into lungs
mucus trap dust and foreign particles

Question 7

bronchi

Answer 7

cilia and goblet cells
passageway for air

Question 8

bronchioles

Answer 8

passageway for air
no cartilages
ends in a cluster of alveoli

Question 9

alveoli

Answer 9

surfactants (reduce surface tension, prevent collapse)
numerous (large sa)
one cell thick (short diffusion dis)
film of moisture (allow oxygen dissolve)
numerous blood capillaries (maintain concentration gradient)

Question 10

inhalation

Answer 10

• external intercostal muscles contract, internal intercostal muscles relax
  
  • ribs swing upwards and outwards
  • sternum moves up and further away from backbone
  • diaphragm contracts and flattens (thoracic cavity increases)
  • air pressure in the lungs causes the lungs to expand to fill up the enlarged space
  • expansion of lungs results in reduced air pressure in the lungs
  • air pressure in the lungs is now lower than atmospheric pressure
  • air is forced into the lungs until the air pressure in the lungs and that in atmosphere are equal

Question 11

expiration

Answer 11

• external intercostal muscles relax, internal intercostal muscles contract
  
  • ribs move downwards and inwards
  • sternum moves down to its original position
  • diaphragm relaxes and arches upwards (volume of thoracic cavity decreases)
  • lungs are compressed and air inside them increases as the volume decreases
  • air pressure in the lungs is now higher than atmospheric pressure
  • air is forced out of lungs until the air pressure in the lungs and that in atmosphere are equal