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ESS all topic definitions and key points > TOPIC 7 > Flashcards

TOPIC 7 Flashcards

1
Q

2000 Watt society

A

That idea that a society aims for each of its citizens to use a maximum of 2000 watts per annum

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2
Q

Adaption (in the context of climate change) (3 points)

A

-Attempts to MANAGE the impacts of climate change

-The adjustment of natural or human systems in RESPONSE to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects

-either moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities

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3
Q

Adaption strategies (list 4)

A

-Flood defences
-Vaccination programs
-Deslanisation plants
-Planting crops in previously-unsuitable climates

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4
Q

Adaptive capacity (3 points)

A

-capacity of a system to adjust to potential damage

-Varies from place to place and can be DEPENDENT on FINANCIAL and TECHNOLOGICAL RESOURCES

-MEDCs can provide economic and technological support to LEDCs

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5
Q

Carbon capture and storage (CCS)

A

CO2 being COMPRESSED, TRANSPORTED, and STORED permanently underground, or CHEMICALLY FIXED to form a carbonate

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6
Q

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategies

A

-Protecting and enhancing carbon sinks through land management (.e.g, REDD)

-using biomass as a fuel source

-using CCS

-enhancing CO2 absorption by the ocean through FERTILISING OCEANS with compounds of nitrogen, phosphorous, and iron to encourage the biological pump

-increase upwellings to release nutrients to the surface

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7
Q

Climate

A

Describes how the atmosphere behaves over relatively long periods of time (usually an average over at least 30 years)

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8
Q

What do energy choices affect?

A

Energy security and independence

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9
Q

factors of energy choice (list of 5)

A

-availability
-sustainability
-scientific and technological developments
-cultural attitudes
-political, economic, environmental factors

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10
Q

Effect of energy efficiency and conservation?

A

Can limit energy demand and contribute to energy security

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11
Q

Energy security

A

-depends on adequate, reliable, and affordable supply of energy that provides a degree of independence

-a society has a reliable (self-produced) source of energy)

-a country may have its own energy supply, but how safe is that supplu?

-also considered within the domains of energy security is the access to energy the population has

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12
Q

Fossil fuels in relation to energy supply

A

These contribute to the majority of humankind’s energy supply

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13
Q

Global warming?

A

The increase in the mean global temperature, leading to increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events

-potential long term changes in climate and weather patterns

-rise in sea level

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14
Q

Greenhouse gases (GHGs)

A

Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour that absorbs infrared radiation, which lead to an increase in the mean global temperature

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15
Q

International efforts against climate change

A

-IPCC
-NAPAs
-UNFCCC

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16
Q

what does IPCC stand for?

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

17
Q

Methane digester

A

Biomass is composted and the gas (methane) produced is burned to generate steam and thus energy to turn turbines

18
Q

Mitigation (in relation to climate change)

A

Attempts to REDUCE the CAUSES of climate change and the use of technology and substitution to reduce RESOURCE IMPUTS AND EMISSIONS per unit of object

19
Q

Mitigation strategies for GHG emissions (list of 4)

A

-include reduction and/or stabilisation of GHG emissions and their removal from the atmosphere

-include reduction in ENERGY CONSUMPTION, reduction of EMISSIONS of oxides of nitrogen and methane from agriculture

-use of ALTERNATIVES to fossil fuels

-geoengineering

20
Q

what does NAPAs stand for?

A

National Adaption Programmes of Action

21
Q

What is REDD?

A

UN collaborative programme on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries

22
Q

Sources of energy with lower carbon emissions?

A

renewable energy in the form of:
-solar biomass
-hydropower
-wind
-wave
-tidal
-geothermal

nuclear power is a NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCE !!!!

23
Q

what does UNFCCC stand for?

A

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

24
Q

Weather

A

Describes the conditions in the atmosphere over a short period of time

25
Q

3 factors contributing to energy security

A

-affordable/competitive supply
-reliable/uninterruptible
-accessible/available supply

26
Q

reasons for low levels of energy per capita in LEDCS

A

-lack of trust in alt resources, esp in nuclear power
-lack of capital to develop alternatives
-lack of suitable resources

27
Q

sources of carbon dioxide (list of 5)

A

-respiration by living organisms
-breakdown of organic material
-volcanic vents
-burning of fossil fuels and organic mateiral
-forest fires

28
Q

sources of methane

A

-wetlands
-bogs
-stagnant water bodies
-rice paddies
-tundra soils
-the breakdown of organic material
-volcanic vents
-livestock
landfill sites
-melting of permafrost
-manure/sewage

29
Q

sources of CFCs

A

-refrigeration
-air conditioning systems
-plastic foams
-aerosol cans
-solvents in the electronics industry

30
Q

impacts of climate change

A

-can be adverse OR beneficial

-biomes shifting
-cahnge in location of crop-growing areas
-cahnged weather aptterns
-coastal inundation (due to thermal expeansion of oceans/melting of polar ice caps)
-human health (spread of tropical diseases)

31
Q

changes in biotic components of systems and impact

A

-biomes shifts to higher altitudes –> crop growing areas will shift, productivity of areas will change

-animals can migrate but plants shift range more slowly, increased rates of primary productivity –> loss of economic, aesthetic, and/or medical benefits of species diversity

expansion of areas inhabited by tropical disease vectors (e.g., mosquitoes) –> impact on human health

32
Q

impacts of coastal inundation as a result of global warming (6)

A

-increased coastal erosion
-intrusion of salty water into freshwater
-reduction of mangrove forests
-coral reefs unable to ontain sufficient light
-wading birds struggling to obtain food
-contamination/salinisation of soils and a decilne in agricultural production

33
Q

impact of global warming on human health (4)

A

-increase in stagnant water -> increase in amount of disease-carrying mosquitoes

-people forced to leave their homes due to climate disasters -> become more susceptible to diseases (esp. children and elderly)

-changes in distributions of organisms -> new diseases are brought to new areas

-saltwater intrusion onto coastal agricultural land -> reduction in food production -> more widespread hunger and malnutrition
-impact of diseases increases

34
Q

changes in weather patterns as a result of climate change

A

-~2 degree increase C of temperatures –> warming likely to be GREATER at poles , not equator

-changes in prevailing winds

-changes in precipitation

-continental areas becoming drier

35
Q

global dimming

A

-reduction in global temperatures as a result of pollution

36
Q

mitigation strategies to reduce carbon emissions

A

-carbon taxes to make fossil fuels more relatively expensive compared to other energy forms

-carbon trading to MANAGE amount of co2 released by different sectors/industries; places a limit on total trading

-carbon offset schemes –> attempt to reduce overall impact of carbon emissions by investing in proejcts that cut emissinos elsewhere

37
Q

mitigation strategeis for carbon dioxide REMOVAL

A

-conserving/protecting/ehancing carbon sinks through land management (eg REDD)

-using biomass as a fuel source – may take up ag land and increase food prices

-carbon capture and storage –> 2 options either AT PLANT and storing underground OR removing it from atmosphere –> however tech is costly and unproven

-enahncing co2 ABSORPTION by oceans through –> fertilising oceans with nitrogen compounds to ENCOURAGE biological pump –> OR increase upwellings to RELEASE nutreints to the surface –> both put nutrients IN ocean which INCREASES marine food production and removes co2 from atmosphere

38
Q

preventative vs reactive strategies in glboal warmign

A

-preventative: trying to prevent from taking place (MITIGATION) –> includes any strategy that prevents fossil fuels being burnt (specifically the ACT of burning)

-reactive: trying to treat the symptoms of global warming (ADAPTION) –> any attempt to reduce carbon EMISSIONS

ESS all topic definitions and key points (10 decks)

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