topic 6a - intro into organic chemistry Flashcards
6.1.what is a hydrocarbon?
a compound that ONLY contains carbon and hydrogen atoms
what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?
- Unsaturated has AT LEAST ONE double carbon bond a
- Saturated has a single carbon bond
6.2. what is:
- general formula
- structural formula
- displayed formula
- skeletal formula
- general= e.g. alkenes (Cn H2n+2)
structural= e.g. CH3CH2COCH3 - displayed= shows every atom and every bond in an organic compound
- skeletal= shows only the bonds in a compound and any non-carbon atoms (one line represents two carbons)
6.3. what is the homologous series? and what is a functional group?
homologous series= a set of compounds with the same functional group, similar chemical properties and physical properties that show a graduation
functional group= in a molecule is an atom or group of atoms that give the compound same distinctive and predictable properties
6.4. name the compounds according to the IUPAC up to C10
**no of C atoms ** prefix
1 meth-
2 Eth-
3 Prop-
4 But-
5 Pent-
6 Hex-
7 Hept-
8 Oct-
9 Non-
10 Dec-
6.4. name the suffixes of functional groups (alkane, alkene, alcohol, carboxylic acid, ketone, aldehyde, ester and amine)
alkane= -ane
alkene= -ene
alcohol= -ol
carboxylic acid= -oic acid
ketone= -one
Aldehyde= -al
ester= -ate
amine= -amine
what are the general rules of nomenclature compounds?
- functional groups and side chains are given, if necessary, with the number corresponding to the carbon they are attached to
- numbers are separated by commas
- numbers and words are separated by hyphens
- if more than one particular side chain or functional group is present then one of the following prefixes is added: di- (2), tri- (3) , tetra- (4) etc
- the carbon chain is numbered in ascending order from the end of the chain nearest a functional group
- if multiple prefixes are present, included in alphabetical order
6.5. be able to classify reactions as addition, elimination, substitution, oxidation,
reduction, hydrolysis or polymerisation
- addition= reactants combine to form a SINGLE product
- substitution= one functional group is REPLACED by a DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL GROUP
- oxidation= a species LOSES at least one electron
- reduction= a species GAINS at least one electron
- polymerisation= a reaction in which many small molecules, known as monomers, join together to form a polymer
6.6. understand the term ‘structural isomerism’ and determine the possible structural,
displayed and skeletal formulae of an organic molecule, given its molecular
formula
structural isomerism= molecules that have the same molecular formula, but the arrangement of atoms and groups are different
6.7. understand the term ‘stereoisomerism’, as illustrated by E/Z isomerism
(including cis-trans isomerism where two of the substituent groups are the same)
stereoisomers= have the same structural formula but a different arrangement in space
-> can occur when there is a lack of rotation around the double bond or when two double bonded carbon atoms each have diff groups or atoms attached to them
what is chain isomerism?
molecules with different carbon chains arrangements
what is position isomerism?
molecules with the same functional group attached to different positions on the same carbon chain
what is functional group isomerism?
the same atoms can be arranged into different functional groups
what is cis isomerism?
the same groups are on the same side of the double bond
what is trans isomerism?
same groups are on the opposite sides of the double bond
