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AQA A Level Biology Paper 2 > Topic 6.3 - Cardiac and Skeletal Muscles > Flashcards

Topic 6.3 - Cardiac and Skeletal Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles act as _____ and are stimulated to contract by _____

A

Muscles act as effectors and are stimulated to contract by neurones

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2
Q

What is skeletal muscle made up of?

A

Muscle fibres (large bundles of long cells)

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3
Q

What is sarcolemma?

A

Cell membrane of muscle fibre cells

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4
Q

What are transverse (T) tubules?

A

Folds = bits of sarcolemma fold inwards across muscle fibres and stick into sarcoplasm

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5
Q

What do T tubules do?

A

Help to spread electrical impulses throughout sarcoplasm so they reach all parts of muscle fibre

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6
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of internal membranes that runs through sarcoplasm

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7
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Stores and releases calcium ions needed for muscle contraction

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8
Q

True or false - Muscles cells contain one nuclei

A

False - muscle fibres are multi-nucleate

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9
Q

Name 2 things muscle fibres have lots of

A
  • Mitochondria
    • Provides ATP needed for muscle contraction
  • Myofibrils (cylindrical organelles)
    • Made up of proteins and are highly specialised for contraction
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10
Q

State what 1) is

A
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11
Q

State what 2) is

A
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12
Q

State what 3) is

A
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13
Q

State what 4) is

A
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14
Q

State what 5) is

A
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15
Q

What is skeletal muscle (aka striated, striped or voluntary muscle)?

A

Type of muscle you move

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16
Q

How is skeletal muscle attached to bones?

A

By tendons

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17
Q

What do bones acts as when a pair of skeletal muscles contract and relax to move bones at a joint?

A

Act as levers, giving muscles something to pull against

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18
Q

Muscles that work together to move a bone are called _____ pairs

A

antagonistic pairs

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19
Q

When muscles are acting in antagonistic pairs, state what muscle is the agonist

A

Contracting muscle

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20
Q

When muscles are acting in antagonistic pairs, state what muscle is the antagonist

A

Relaxing muscle

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21
Q

Describe what happens when your biceps contracts

A
  • Biceps contract (agonist), triceps relaxes (antagonist)
  • Pulls bone so your arm bends (flexes) at the elbow
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22
Q

Describe what happens when your biceps relaxes

A
  • Biceps relaxes (antagonist), triceps contracts (agonist)
  • Pulls bone so your arm straightens (extends) at the elbow
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23
Q

Myofibrils contain thick and thin ____

A

Myofibrils contain thick and thin _myofilaments

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24
Q

What are thick myofilaments made from?

A

Myosin

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25
Q

What are thin myofilaments made from?

A

Actin

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26
Q

State what 1) is

A
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27
Q

State what 2) is

A
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28
Q

State what 3) is

A
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29
Q

State what 4) is

A
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30
Q

State what 5) is

A
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31
Q

State what 6) is

A
32
Q

Why do A-bands appear darker?

A

Because they contain thick myosin filaments & some overlap with actin filaments

33
Q

Why do I-bands appear lighter?

A

Because they only contain thin actin filaments

34
Q

The H-zone is the lighter region at the centre of A-band. Why is it lighter?

A

Only contains myosin filaments

35
Q

What is the M line?

A

The M line is the middle of the myosin filaments

36
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

Distance between Z-line to Z-line

37
Q

What theory explains muscle contraction?

A

Sliding Filament Theory

38
Q

Describe the sliding filament theory

A
  • Myosin and actin filaments slide over one another to make sarcomeres contract
    • Myofilaments don’t contract
  • Simultaneous contraction of lots of sarcomeres means myofibrils and muscle fibres contract
  • Sarcomeres return to their original length as muscle relaxes
39
Q

State what happens to lengths of A-bands, I-bands, H-zones, sacromeres when sacromeres contract

A
40
Q

State what 1) is

A
41
Q

State what 2) is

A
42
Q

State what 3) is

A
43
Q

State what 4) is

A
44
Q

Describe the shape of myosin filaments’ heads

A

Have globular heads that are hinged

(Move back and forth)

45
Q

State what the 2 binding sites on a myosin head are for

A

Actin & ATP

46
Q

What are the binding sites on actin filaments for & what are they called?

A
  • Myosin heads
  • Called actin-myosin binding sites
47
Q

What does tropomyosin (found between actin filaments) help to do?

A

Helps myofilaments move past each other

48
Q

In resting (unstimulated) muscle, why are actin-myosin binding sites blocked by tropomyosin?

A

So myofilaments can’t slide past each other ∵ myosin heads can’t bind actin-myosin binding site on actin filaments

49
Q

Describe how muscles contract in detail

A
  1. When action potential from motor neurone stimulates muscle cell, it depolarises sarcolemma
    1. Depolarisation spreads down T-tubules
    2. The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions into sarcoplasm
  2. Influx of Calcium ions causes tropomyosin molecules to more, exposing binding sites
  3. Myosin heads, have ADP attached, attach to binding site on actin, creating actin-myosin cross bridge
  4. Calcium ions activate ATPase to hydrolyse ATP to ADP
    1. Energy released causes myosin heads to bend, pulling actin filament
  5. Another ATP molecule attaches to myosin head, causing myosin to detach from actin
    1. With ADP myosin head can reattach to actin
  6. Myosin head then reattaches to different binding sites further along actin
    1. New actin-myosin cross bridge is formed & cycle is repeated
50
Q

Describe what happens when muscle stops being stimulated (i.e. when excitation stops)

A
  1. When muscle stops being stimulated, Calcium ions leave binding sites and moved by active transport back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
  2. Causes tropomyosin molecules to move back & block actin-myosin binding sites
  3. Muscles aren’t contracted because no myosin heads are attached to actin filaments
  4. Actin filaments slide back to their relaxed position which lengthens sarcomere
51
Q

Name the 3 main ways in which ATP is continually generated for
muscle contraction

A
  1. Aerobic respiration
  2. Anaerobic respiration
  3. ATP-Phosphocreatine (PCr System)
52
Q

How is most of ATP generated in aerobic respiration?

A

Via oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria

53
Q

What type of excercise is aerobic respiration best for?

A

Long periods of low-intensity exercise

54
Q

What type of excercise is anaerobic respiration best for?

A

Short periods of hard exercise

55
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration only good for short periods of hard exercise?

A
  • ATP rapidly made by glycolysis
  • Lactate quickly builds up in muscle & causes muscle fatigue
56
Q

Describe how ATP is generated from the ATP-Phosphocreatine (PCr system)

A
  • ATP is made by phosphorylating ADP
  • Adding phosphate group from PCr
57
Q

For what type of excercise is the ATP-PCr system best used for?

A

Short bursts of vigorous exercise

58
Q

Why is the ATP-PCr system best used for short bursts of vigorous exercise?

A
  • PCr is stored inside cells and ATP-PCr system generates ATP very quickly
  • PCr runs out after a few seconds
59
Q

How is creatine (Cr) removed from the body?

A

Creatine (Cr) gets broken down into creatinine - removed from body via kidneys

60
Q

In what types of people are creatinine levels higher in?

A

People who exercise regularly and those with high muscle mass

61
Q

What can high creatinine levels sometimes indicate?

A

Kidney damage

62
Q

Name 2 types of muscle fibres

A
  • Slow twitch
  • Fast twitch
63
Q

Different muscles have different proportions of…

A

slow and fast twitch fibres

64
Q

Name 6 differences between slow and fast twitch fibres

A
65
Q

Name 3 things fast twitch contains

A
  • High conc. of enzymes used in anaerobic respiration
  • A store of phosphocreatine
  • High concentration of glycogen
66
Q

What is used to reform phosphocreatine?

A

ATP

67
Q

Describe how the cardiac cycle is controlled by electrical activity (7x)

A
  1. SAN generates waves of electrical activity across atrial walls causing atria to contract
  2. Non-conducting tissue prevents waves of electrical activity from being passed directly from atria to ventricles
  3. Therefore waves of electrical activity go to ventricles via AVN
  4. Delay at AVN allows atria to completely empty before ventricles contract
  5. AVN sends waves of electrical activity down the bundles of His (on apex)
  6. Purkyne tissue carries waves of electrical activity into muscular walls of ventricles
  7. Ventricles contract from the bottom upwards
68
Q

What part of the brain controls the rate at which SAN fires (i.e. heart rate)

A

Medulla oblongata

69
Q

Why do animals need to alter their heart rate?

A

To respond to internal stimuli

(e.g. to prevent fainting due to low blood pressure or to make heart rate is high enough to supply body weight enough oxygen)

70
Q

Name the receptors that detect a change from the set point (those involved in heart rate)

A
  • Baroreceptors (pressure receptors)
  • Chemoreceptors (chemical receptors)
71
Q

Where are baroreceptors found?

A
  • Aorta
  • Carotid arteries (major arteries in neck)
72
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found?

A
  • Aorta
  • Carotid arteries
  • Medulla
73
Q

What do baroreceptors monitor?

A

Blood pressure

74
Q

Describe how the body restores blood pressure when there’s high blood pressure

A
  • Baroreceptors detect high blood pressure
  • Impulses sent to medulla which sent impulses along parasympathetic neurones
  • Increased frequency of impulses (to/from medulla)
  • Secrete acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) which binds to receptors in SAN
  • Cardiac muscles (effector)
    • Heart rate slows down to reduce blood pressure back to normal
75
Q

Describe how the body restores Oxygen/CO2/pH levels when there’s high blood oxygen, low CO2or high pH levels

A
  • Chemoreceptors detect chemical changes in blood
  • Impulses sent to medulla which sends impulses along parasympathetic neurones
  • Increased frequency of impulses (to/from medulla)
  • Secrete acetylcholine which bind to receptors on SAN
  • Cardiac muscles (effector)
    • Heart rate decreases to return Oxygen, CO2 and pH levels back to normal
76
Q

Describe how the body restores Oxygen/CO2/pH levels when there’s low blood oxygen, high CO2 or low pH levels

A
  • Chemoreceptors detect chemical changes in blood
  • Impulses sent to medulla which sends impulses along sympathetic neurones
  • Increased frequency of impulses (to/from medulla)
  • Secrete noradrenaline which bind to receptors on SAN
  • Cardiac muscles (effector)
    • Heart rates increases to return Oxygen,CO2 and pH levels back to normal

AQA A Level Biology Paper 2 (16 decks)

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