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GCE A2 Edexcel Biology > Topic 6 (Unit 4) > Flashcards

Topic 6 (Unit 4) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define antigen.

A

“Antibody generating.”

Any foreign molecule leading to the production of antibodies.

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2
Q

Define antibiotic

A

A type of antibacterial compound.

Bacteria specific drug that slows or prevents bacterial reproduction.

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3
Q

Define lymphatic system

A

Composed of lymph nodes and lymphatics.

Drains tissue fluid back into normal circulation.

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4
Q

Define lymph

A

Liquid that drains away from the tissue fluid cells into lymph vessels.

Contains a high number of lymphocytes.

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5
Q

Define leukocyte.

A

White blood cell.

Cells capable of amoeboid movement.

Includes phagocytes and lymphocytes.

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6
Q

Define lymphocyte.

A

Type of white blood cell involved in adaptive immunity. Produced in the bone marrow and matures either as a B cell or T cell.

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7
Q

Define lysozyme.

A

Enzyme produced in body secretions that digest peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls.

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8
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

A form of endocytosis carried out by some white blood cells.

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9
Q

Define lysosome.

A

Vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes.

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10
Q

Define phagosome

A

Formed during phagocytosis through the fusion of a lysosome and foreign matter

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11
Q

Define epidemiology

A

The study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why.

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12
Q

Define immune

A

Protection from a pathogen or disease.

Presence of or the ability to produce large numbers of specific antibodies in the blood.

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13
Q

Define vaccine

A

Sample of antigen that increases immunity.

Gives the ability to produce, or increases the amount of, specific antibodies in the blood.

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14
Q

Define herd immunity

A

Protection of vulnerable non-immune individuals in a population due to a high level of immunity in the population as a whole.

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15
Q

Define specific immune system

A

Kills invading pathogens, but also remembers the pathogens feature’s so that it can be killed quickly on subsequent infections.

Only vertebrates have specific immunity.

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16
Q

Define self/non-self recognition

A

Ability to detect and produce antibodies against foreign antigens and not against own cells.

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17
Q

Define antibody mediated

A

A.K.A. Humoral

Type of specific immunity conducted by B cell produced antibodies against antigens identified as non-self.

Commonly used against bacteria, fungi and free virions.

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18
Q

Define cell mediated

A

Type of specific immunity coordinated by T cells.

Commonly used against invaders present in cells.

19
Q

Define clonal selection

A

Lymphocytes sensitive to antigen reproduce much more rapidly than others, this leading to a build up of antigen-specific cells large enough to mount an immune response. (Plasma cells).

20
Q

Define antigen presentation

A

Consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by an antigen presenting cell - followed by the presentation of fragments on the cell surface to lymphocytes.

21
Q

Define MHC

A

Major histocompatibility complex.

Extrinsic cell proteins that present fragments of proteins on the surface for self/non self recognition.

22
Q

What is the first line of protection humans have against invading pathogens?

A

Barriers.

The skin and associated chemicals stop microbes entering the body.

23
Q

What is the second line of protection humans have against invading pathogens?

A

The non-specific immune system.

Phagocytes quickly destroy microbes that pass the first line of defense.

24
Q

What is the third line of protection humans have against invading pathogens?

A

The specific immune system.

Lymphocytes kill any microbes that pass the second line of defense and remain on guard for future attacks.

25
Q

Define innate

A

A.K.A. Non specific.

Refers to non specific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigens appearance in the body.

26
Q

Define adaptive

A

A.K.A. Specific

More complex than innate.

Antigen is processed and recognised leading to the creation of an army of immune cells.

Has memory.

27
Q

Define active immunity

A

Immunity provided by the organism’s own cells

28
Q

Define passive immunity

A

Immunity acquired from the cells of another organism

29
Q

What are the two main functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Return tissue fluid to circulation.

2. Fights infection (both specific eg B cells and non-specific resistance eg complement)

30
Q

Primary lymphatic organs are involved in…

A

The production and/or maturation of leukocytes and lymphocytes.

Eg red bone marrow, thymus

31
Q

What is the function of secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Store lymphocytes and help to filter lymph of dead cells or debris before returning it to circulation.

Eg lymph nodes, spleen

32
Q

Where are leukocytes manufactured?

A

Bone marrow tissue

33
Q

Is the greater population of leukocytes found in blood only lymph?

A

Lymph

34
Q

What are the leukocytes involved in phagocytosis called?

A

Macrophages / monocytes

Neutrophils

35
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of monocytes / macrophages

A

Ability to engulf and destroy debris and pathogens by phagocytosis.

36
Q

The action of macrophages is regulated by…

A

The presence of receptors that can interact with T lymphocyte cells.

37
Q

How do macrophages move?

A

By amoeboid movement using pseudopods.

38
Q

The presence of a CD4 receptor protein means that macrophages are…

A

Susceptible to HIV infection

39
Q

The characteristic appearance of a neutrophil is due to…

A

A multilobed nucleus

40
Q

How are neutrophils attracted into a tissue?

A

The release of proteins called cytokines (the most famous of which is interferon).

These molecules are detected by receptors in the membrane.

41
Q

T cell derived chemicals affect the migration of neutrophils. This is an example of….

A

Chemotaxis.

42
Q

What is the neutrophils main role?

A

Inflammation.

They are the first cells to arrive at the site of inflammation by leaving the blood through the capillary walls - a process known as diapedesis.

43
Q

Define antibody.

A

Protein molecule produced by B cells in response to antigen.

GCE A2 Edexcel Biology (4 decks)

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