Topic 6 - Solutions And Mixtures Flashcards
Define solute
A substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution
Define solvent
The substance in which absolute is dissolved to form a solution
Define solution
The mixture formed through the dissolving of a solute into a solvent that does not separate out.
Define suspension
A mixture in which small particles of a substance are dispersed
Define soluble
A substance that can dissolve
Define insoluble
A substance which cannot dissolve
Define saturated
A solution into which no more solute can be dissolved
What are the solubility rules
SOLUBLE:
all compounds containing Li, Na, K, NH4, and NO3
all compounds containing Cl, except AgCl and PbCl2
all compounds containing SO4, except Ag2SO4, PbSO4, CaSO4 and BaSO4
INSOLUBLE:
all compounds containing O2, OH or CO3, except Li, Na, K, NH4 and NO3
Describe filtration
Purpose: Separates an insoluble solid
Diagram: A funnel containing filter paper is placed in a conical flask. Label filtrate and residue
Explanation: the solid particles are too large to pass through the filter paper, they become the residue
Describe simple distillation
Purpose: separates a solvent from its solution
Diagram: a spherical beaker with a Bunsen burner underneath contains the solution along with some anti-bumping granules. It has a bung at the top with a thermometer sticking out. There is a condenser coming out of the side (label where the water goes in and out) which feeds into a conical flask contains this distillate.
Explanation: the solvent has a much lower boiling point than the solute. When the solution is heated, the solvent evaporated, leaving the solute behind. It is then cooled and condensed, and collected in the conical flask as the distillate.
Describe fractional distillation
Purpose: to separate miscible liquid
Diagram: same as simple distillation, however there is a Column above the spherical beaker that has downhill glass shards (this is the fractionating column)
Explanation: the fractionating column is needed because miscible liquids have similar BPs. The column cools the gas and condensed the liquid with the higher BP, before it escapes into the condenser. The glass shards lose water quickly and have a high SA for condensing
Describe the separating funnel
Purpose: separates immiscible liquids
Diagram: label the less dense liquid, the more dense liquid, the boundary between liquids and the Tao
Explanation: the Tao can be closed when the boundary reaches it
Describe chromatography
Purpose: separates multiple solutes from a solution
Diagram: rolled up chromatogram in a lidded beaker containing the solvent with a pencil base line.
Explanation: different dyes move up the paper at different rate (some stick to the paper and some dissolve more quickly). The further the dye travels, the more soluble it is.
How do you calculate Rf value?
Distance travelled by the dot/ distance travelled by the solvent
If two dots have the Rf value, they are the same substance.
Standard reference materials are sometimes used for comparison- they have controlled concentration and purities.
Describe the process of dissolving
When you add a solid (the solute) to a liquid (the solvent), the bonds holding the solute molecules together sometimes break and the molecules then mix with the solvent molecules, forming a solution