topic 6:respiration in humans Flashcards
what is the word equation for Aerobic respiration?
Glucose+oxygen->carbon dioxide+water
what is the function of nose/nasal cavity?
(Mouth has one function that is the same as that for nose)
-Passageway for air to enter/exit the body during breathing
-Contains small hairs and mucous to trap dust and dirt, to be swept out of the nse
What is the function of Pharynx?
-allows air to pass through
-Also allows swallowed food to pass through from mouth into oesophagus
what is the function of Larynx?
(It is basically voice box)
-allows air to pass through vocal cords to produce sound
-it is a tiny flap that closes over the top of the trachea or oesophagus at appropriate times to prevent choking
what is the function of Bronchus?
allows inhaled air to pass from trachea into left and right lungs
what are the functions of Alveoli?
-site of gas exchange
-Oxygen in inhaled air diffuses from alveoli into surrounding blood capillaries
-carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli to be exhaled
what is the function of Bronchiole?
smaller airways allowing air to pass from Bronchus to alveoli
what is the structure of Trachea?
-C-shaped cartilage rings surrounding trachea->allows swallowed boli to pass easily down adjacent oesophagus during peristalsis
-Inner walls lined with mucus-producing,gland cells.->mucus traps dust and dirt in air
-inner walls lined with ciliated cells->cilia trap and sweep out mucus containing trapped dirt and dust towards larynx to be spat or swallowed
what is the function of trachea?
-allows air to pass from larynx into the bronchi
-filters out and traps dust and dirt in the air
what is the function of lung?
when lung volume changes,it enables exhaling and inhaling
what is the function of ribcage?
-protects the lungs,heart from mechanical injury
-movement of ribcage allows changes in lung volume which enables exhaling and inhaling
what is the acronym for process of inhaling?
RICE(remember as:Asians INHALE RICE)
Relax->Internal Intercostal muscles
Contract->External intercostal muscle
what is the acronym for exhale?
ERIC(remember as:you EXHALE when you see a handsome person)
-External intercostal muscles->
Relax
-Internal intercostal muscle->
Contract
name the organs included in the pathway in which air takes when inhaled ,list in order starting from Mouth)
Mouth->Pharynx->Larynx->trachea->bronchi->bronchioles->alveoli
what is the acronym for the breathing mechanism?and what do each letters stand for?
1.Diaphragm
2.Intercostal muscles->RICE or ERIC
3.Ribs
4.Thoracic cavity
5.Lungs
6.Result->talk about lung pressure
state the 4 adaptations of the Alveolus which enable efficient gas exchange ,explain how each adaptation helps and link to diffusion
1.wall is one-cell thick->shorter distance for gases like oxygen to diffuse across->for faster rate of diffusion of gases
2.thin film of moisture on inner surface of alveolus wall->allows gases like oxygen to dissolve in the film of moisture->for faster rate of diffusion of gases
3.Alveoli are supplied by rich network of blood capillaries->blood capillaries transport blood containing oxygen away from Alveoli quickly->to maintain steep concentration gradient for faster rate of diffusion of gases
4.There are numerous alveoli arranged in clusters->increases surface area to volume ratio->For faster rate of diffusion of gases
what is the function of haemoglobin?
Binds reversibly to oxygen in RBC
chemical equation for Aerobic respiration
C6H1206+6O2->6CO2+6H20
1.what is the word equation of Aerobic respiration for waste products?
2.what are the two word equations for equation of Anaerobic respiration?
1.oxygen+glucose->carbon dioxide+water
2.Glucose->lactic acid
AND Glucose->ethanol+carbon dioxide
1.Specify where Aerobic respiration is carried out
2.Specify where Anaerobic respiration is carried out
1.Aerobic respiration is carried out in all cells(in the mitochondria)
2.All cells(in the cytoplasm)
state all 4 chemicals in tobacco smoke, and their properties and effects on body
1.Nicotine.It is an addictive drug and causes release of hormone adrenaline->increased heart rate ->results in increased risk of Coronary heart disease
Nicotine also increases risk of blood-clotting->this increases risk of coronary arteries blocked by bloodclots->results in increased risk of Coronary heart disease
2.Carbon monoxide. It binds irreversibly with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin->reduces ability of RBCs in blood to carry and transport oxygen to cells->results in increased risk of carbon monoxide poisoning,fatigue,tiredness
It also increases risk of fatty deposits on inner wall of coronary arteries->this narrows the lumen of arteries and causes increased blood pressure->results in increased risk of Coronary heart disease
3.Tar.It is a carcinogenic chemical->causes uncontrolled cell division->results in increased risk of lung cancer
It paralyses cilia lining the airways->Dust/dirt particles trapped in mucus lining airways cannot be removed and this causes prolonged coughing(bronchitis) and causes increased mucus secretion->Bronchitis,which in turn lead to emphysema,where alveoli walls have been broken down,this causes loss in surface area to volume ratio and elasticity of alveoli.Hence,there will be reduced gas exchange
4.Irritants.It paralyses cilia lining airways->dust/dirt particles trapped in mucus lining airways cannot be removed and there will be prolonged coughing(bronchitis),this causes increased mucus secretion->Bronchitis,which in turn lead to emphysema where alveoli walls have been broken down,there will be loss in surface area to volume ratio and elasticity of alveoli,causing reduced gas exchange
