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chemistry > Topic 6 - Organic I > Flashcards

Topic 6 - Organic I Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the general formula show

A

an algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

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1
Q

What does the empirical formula show

A

the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound (cancel the numbers down if possible) eg. C2H6 -> CH3

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2
Q

what does the molecular formula show

A

the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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3
Q

what does the structural formula show

A

shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon, with the attached hydrogens and functional groups

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4
Q

what does the skeletal formula show

A

shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only, with any functional groups. The hydrogen and carbon atoms aren’t shown. This is useful for drawing large, complicated structures, like cyclic hydrocarbons

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5
Q

what does the displayed formula show

A

shows how all the atoms are arranged, and all the bonds between them

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6
Q

What is nomenclature

A

the naming of organic compounds

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7
Q

give the stem of the name of organic compounds from 1 carbon to 10 carbons

A

1 - meth
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but
5 - pent
6 - hex
7 - hept
8 - oct
9 - non
10 - dec

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8
Q

The main functional group of the molecule usually tells you what (1) series the molecules is in

A

1 - homologous

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9
Q

what is a functional group

A

a functional group is a group of atoms in a molecule responsible for the characteristic reactions of that compound

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10
Q

what is a homologous series

A

a homologous series is multiple organic compounds that have the same functional group and general formula.

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11
Q

By how much do consecutive members of a homologous series differ by

A

CH2

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12
Q

State the prefix or suffix of an alkane

A

-ane eg. propane

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13
Q

State the prefix or suffix of a branched alkane

A

alkyl- (-yl) eg. methylpropane

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14
Q

State the prefix or suffix of an alkene

A

-ene eg. propene

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15
Q

State the prefix or suffix of a halogenoalkane

A

chloro- / bromo- / iodo- eg. chloroethane

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16
Q

State the prefix or suffix of an alcohol

A

-ol eg. ethanol

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17
Q

State the prefix or suffix of an aldehyde

A

-al eg. ethanal

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17
Q

State the prefix or suffix of a ketone

A

-one eg. propanone

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18
Q

State the prefix or suffix of a cycloalkane

A

cycle- … -ane eg. cyclohexane

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19
Q

State the prefix or suffix of a carboxylic acid

A

-oic acid eg. ethanoic acid

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20
Q

what is an addition reaction

A

joining two or more molecules together to form a larger molecule

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21
Q

what is a polymerisation reaction

A

joining together lots of simple molecules to form a giant molecule

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22
Q

what is an elimination reaction

A

when a small group of atoms break away from a larger molecule

23
Q

what is a substitution reaction

A

when one species is replaced by another

24
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

splitting a molecule into two new molecules by adding H+ and OH- derived from water

25
Q

what is an oxidation reaction

A

any reaction in which a species loses electrons

26
Q

what is a reduction reaction

A

any reaction in which a species gains electrons

27
Q

what is a species

A

An atom, an ion, a radical or a molecule

28
Q

what do curly arrows in a mechanism show?

A

How electron pairs move around

29
Q

(mechanism) of halogens in alkanes, to make halogenoalkanes

A

radical substitution

30
Q

(mechanism) of halogens and hydrogen halides to alkenes, to make halogenoalkanes

A

electrophilic addition

31
Q

(mechanism) of primary halogenoalkanes with aqueous potassium hydroxide to make alcohols and with ammonia to make amines

A

nucleophilic substitution

32
Q

What are nucleophiles (Explain)

A

Nucleophiles are electron pair donors. They’re often negatively charged ions (eg. halide ions) or species that contain a lone pair of electrons (eg. the oxygen atoms in water).

They’re electron rich so they’re attracted to places that are electron poor. So they like to react with positive ions. Molecules with polar bonds are often attacked by nucleophiles too, as they have δ+ areas

33
Q

Explain the nucleophilic substitution (in terms of the nucleophile) in a polar carbon-halogen bond

A

Nucleophiles are attracted to the Cδ+ atom in a polar carbon-halogen bond. The carbon-halogen bond breaks and the nucleophile takes the halogen’s place

34
Q

What are electrophiles (Explain)

A

Electrophiles are electron pair acceptors. They’re often positively charged ions (eg. H+) or δ+ areas (eg. Hδ+ in a hydrogen halide H-X bond).

They’re electron poor, so they’re attracted to areas that are electron rich. They like to react with negative ions, atoms with lone pairs and the electron rich area around a C–C (double) bond

35
Q

Explain how alkene molecules undergo electrophilic addition

A

In a molecule with a polar bond, like HBr, the Hδ+ acts as an electrophile and is strongly attracted to the C–C (double) bond which polarises the H-Br bond even more, until it finally breaks

36
Q

radicals have an…

A

radical have an unpaired electron eg. the chlorine atoms produced when UV light splits a Cl2 molecule.

37
Q

Why are radicals so reactive

A

as they have unpaired electrons

38
Q

What polarity will radicals react with

A

unlike nucleophiles and electrophiles, radicals radical with anything - positive, negative or neutral

39
Q

Why are radical reactions not much use if you are after a pure product

A

A radical will react with anything - there will probably be a mixture of products and therefore is not useful if trying to make a pure product

40
Q

isomers have the same (…) formula

A

molecular

41
Q

What are the two types of isomers

A

Structural isomers and stereoisomers

42
Q

List the three different types of structural isomers

A
  • Chain isomers
  • Positional isomers
  • Functional group isomers
43
Q

Explain chain isomers

A

The carbon skeleton can be arranged differently - for example, as a straight chain, or branched in different ways.

These isomers have similar chemical properties - but their physical properties, like boiling point, will be different because of the change in shape of the molecule.

Eg. Butane and Methylpropane

44
Q

Explain positional isomers

A

The skeleton and the functional group could be the same, only with the functional group attached to a different carbon atom.

These also have different physical properties, and the chemical properties might be different too.

Eg. Butan-1-ol and Butan-2-ol

45
Q

Explain functional group isomers

A

The same atoms can be arranged into different functional groups.

These have very different physical and chemical properties.

Eg. Butanoic acid and Methyl propanoate

46
Q

What is the definition of a hydrocarbon

A

A compound of hydrogen and carbon only

47
Q

What is the general formula of an alkane

A

CnH2n+2

48
Q

How many single bonds do each carbon form in an alkane

A

4

49
Q

What does ‘alkanes are saturated’ mean?

A

They only have carbon-carbon single bonds

50
Q

What are the two types of bond fission

A

Homolytic and heterolytic

51
Q

What is bond fission

A

The breaking of a covalent bond

52
Q

What happens in heterolytic fission

A

In heterolytic fission, the bond breaks unevenly with one of the bonded atoms receiving both electrons from the bonded pair. Two different substances can be formed - eg. a cation (X+) and anion (Y-)

X(curly arrow towards Y)Y -> X+ and Y-

53
Q

What happens in homolytic fission

A

In homolytic fission, the bond breaks evenly and each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair. Two electrically uncharged ‘radicals’ are formed. Radicals are particles that have an unpaired electron. They are shown in mechanisms by a big dot next to the molecular formula (the fat represents the unpaired electrons)

X - Y -> X* + Y*

54
Q

what are photochemical reactions and give an example of one

A

photochemical reactions are started by light

eg. halogens react with alkanes to form halogenoalkanes and need UV light to begin the reaction

55
Q

state the initiation step of the reaction of chlorine with methane

A

Cl2 -> Cl* + Cl*

56
Q

state the propagation steps of the reaction of chlorine with methane

A

1) Cl* + CH4 -> CH3 + HCl
- Cl attacks a methane molecule

2) CH3 +Cl2 -> CH3Cl + Cl
- The new methyl radical *CH3 can attack another Cl2 molecule

57
Q

State the propagation steps if the reaction of chlorine of methane

A

*Cl + *CH3 -> CH3Cl
*CH3 + *CH3 -> C2H6

chemistry (9 decks)

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