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chemistry > Topic 6 - Organic I > Flashcards

Topic 6 - Organic I Flashcards

1
Q

What does the general formula show

A

an algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

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1
Q

What does the empirical formula show

A

the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound (cancel the numbers down if possible) eg. C2H6 -> CH3

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2
Q

what does the molecular formula show

A

the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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3
Q

what does the structural formula show

A

shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon, with the attached hydrogens and functional groups

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4
Q

what does the skeletal formula show

A

shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only, with any functional groups. The hydrogen and carbon atoms aren’t shown. This is useful for drawing large, complicated structures, like cyclic hydrocarbons

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5
Q

what does the displayed formula show

A

shows how all the atoms are arranged, and all the bonds between them

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6
Q

What is nomenclature

A

the naming of organic compounds

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7
Q

give the stem of the name of organic compounds from 1 carbon to 10 carbons

A

1 - meth
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but
5 - pent
6 - hex
7 - hept
8 - oct
9 - non
10 - dec

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8
Q

The main functional group of the molecule usually tells you what (1) series the molecules is in

A

1 - homologous

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9
Q

what is a functional group

A

a functional group is a group of atoms in a molecule responsible for the characteristic reactions of that compound

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10
Q

what is a homologous series

A

a homologous series is multiple organic compounds that have the same functional group and general formula.

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11
Q

By how much do consecutive members of a homologous series differ by

A

CH2

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12
Q

State the prefix or suffix of an alkane

A

-ane eg. propane

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13
Q

State the prefix or suffix of a branched alkane

A

alkyl- (-yl) eg. methylpropane

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14
Q

State the prefix or suffix of an alkene

A

-ene eg. propene

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15
Q

State the prefix or suffix of a halogenoalkane

A

chloro- / bromo- / iodo- eg. chloroethane

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16
Q

State the prefix or suffix of an alcohol

A

-ol eg. ethanol

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17
Q

State the prefix or suffix of an aldehyde

A

-al eg. ethanal

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17
Q

State the prefix or suffix of a ketone

A

-one eg. propanone

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18
Q

State the prefix or suffix of a cycloalkane

A

cycle- … -ane eg. cyclohexane

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19
Q

State the prefix or suffix of a carboxylic acid

A

-oic acid eg. ethanoic acid

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20
Q

what is an addition reaction

A

joining two or more molecules together to form a larger molecule

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21
Q

what is a polymerisation reaction

A

joining together lots of simple molecules to form a giant molecule

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22
Q

what is an elimination reaction

A

when a small group of atoms break away from a larger molecule

23
what is a substitution reaction
when one species is replaced by another
24
what is a hydrolysis reaction
splitting a molecule into two new molecules by adding H+ and OH- derived from water
25
what is an oxidation reaction
any reaction in which a species loses electrons
26
what is a reduction reaction
any reaction in which a species gains electrons
27
what is a species
An atom, an ion, a radical or a molecule
28
what do curly arrows in a mechanism show?
How electron pairs move around
29
(mechanism) of halogens in alkanes, to make halogenoalkanes
radical substitution
30
(mechanism) of halogens and hydrogen halides to alkenes, to make halogenoalkanes
electrophilic addition
31
(mechanism) of primary halogenoalkanes with aqueous potassium hydroxide to make alcohols and with ammonia to make amines
nucleophilic substitution
32
What are nucleophiles (Explain)
Nucleophiles are electron pair donors. They're often negatively charged ions (eg. halide ions) or species that contain a lone pair of electrons (eg. the oxygen atoms in water). They're electron rich so they're attracted to places that are electron poor. So they like to react with positive ions. Molecules with polar bonds are often attacked by nucleophiles too, as they have δ+ areas
33
Explain the nucleophilic substitution (in terms of the nucleophile) in a polar carbon-halogen bond
Nucleophiles are attracted to the Cδ+ atom in a polar carbon-halogen bond. The carbon-halogen bond breaks and the nucleophile takes the halogen's place
34
What are electrophiles (Explain)
Electrophiles are electron pair acceptors. They're often positively charged ions (eg. H+) or δ+ areas (eg. Hδ+ in a hydrogen halide H-X bond). They're electron poor, so they're attracted to areas that are electron rich. They like to react with negative ions, atoms with lone pairs and the electron rich area around a C--C (double) bond
35
Explain how alkene molecules undergo electrophilic addition
In a molecule with a polar bond, like HBr, the Hδ+ acts as an electrophile and is strongly attracted to the C--C (double) bond which polarises the H-Br bond even more, until it finally breaks
36
radicals have an...
radical have an unpaired electron eg. the chlorine atoms produced when UV light splits a Cl2 molecule.
37
Why are radicals so reactive
as they have unpaired electrons
38
What polarity will radicals react with
unlike nucleophiles and electrophiles, radicals radical with anything - positive, negative or neutral
39
Why are radical reactions not much use if you are after a pure product
A radical will react with anything - there will probably be a mixture of products and therefore is not useful if trying to make a pure product
40
isomers have the same (...) formula
molecular
41
What are the two types of isomers
Structural isomers and stereoisomers
42
List the three different types of structural isomers
- Chain isomers - Positional isomers - Functional group isomers
43
Explain chain isomers
The carbon skeleton can be arranged differently - for example, as a straight chain, or branched in different ways. These isomers have similar chemical properties - but their physical properties, like boiling point, will be different because of the change in shape of the molecule. Eg. Butane and Methylpropane
44
Explain positional isomers
The skeleton and the functional group could be the same, only with the functional group attached to a different carbon atom. These also have different physical properties, and the chemical properties might be different too. Eg. Butan-1-ol and Butan-2-ol
45
Explain functional group isomers
The same atoms can be arranged into different functional groups. These have very different physical and chemical properties. Eg. Butanoic acid and Methyl propanoate
46
What is the definition of a hydrocarbon
A compound of hydrogen and carbon only
47
What is the general formula of an alkane
CnH2n+2
48
How many single bonds do each carbon form in an alkane
4
49
What does 'alkanes are saturated' mean?
They only have carbon-carbon single bonds
50
What are the two types of bond fission
Homolytic and heterolytic
51
What is bond fission
The breaking of a covalent bond
52
What happens in heterolytic fission
In heterolytic fission, the bond breaks unevenly with one of the bonded atoms receiving both electrons from the bonded pair. Two different substances can be formed - eg. a cation (X+) and anion (Y-) X(curly arrow towards Y)Y -> X+ and Y-
53
What happens in homolytic fission
In homolytic fission, the bond breaks evenly and each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair. Two electrically uncharged 'radicals' are formed. Radicals are particles that have an unpaired electron. They are shown in mechanisms by a big dot next to the molecular formula (the fat represents the unpaired electrons) X - Y -> X* + Y*
54
what are photochemical reactions and give an example of one
photochemical reactions are started by light eg. halogens react with alkanes to form halogenoalkanes and need UV light to begin the reaction
55
state the initiation step of the reaction of chlorine with methane
Cl2 -> Cl* + Cl*
56
state the propagation steps of the reaction of chlorine with methane
1) Cl* + CH4 -> *CH3 + HCl - Cl* attacks a methane molecule 2) *CH3 +Cl2 -> CH3Cl + Cl* - The new methyl radical *CH3 can attack another Cl2 molecule
57
State the propagation steps if the reaction of chlorine of methane
*Cl + *CH3 -> CH3Cl *CH3 + *CH3 -> C2H6

chemistry (9 decks)

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