Topic 6 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards
How are fossil fuels formed?
Fossil fuels are formed from dead plants and animals over millions of years under the action of heat and pressure.
Give 5-10 examples of fossil fuels.
Natural gas LPG Petrol Diesel Paraffin Candle wax Peat Lignite Coal Coke
What does LPG stand for?
Liquified petroleum gas (LPG)
Definition of a non-renewable resource
Non-renewable resources are those that cannot be replaced in a human lifetime and will eventually run out.
Definition of a renewable resource
A renewable resource is one that can be replaced or replenished in a human lifetime.
Example of a non-renewable resource
Fossils fuels
Example of a renewable resource
Biomass
What is the source for most hydrocarbons?
Crude Oil
What is crude oil?
Crude oil is a black, viscous liquid and it is a mixture of hydrocarbons. Some of these hydrocarbons are solids and gases dissolved in the liquid.
What is a hydrocarbon?
A hydrocarbon is a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen.
What chemicals are obtained from crude oil?
Hydrocarbons
What are the environmental implications of oil spillages?
Spillage of crude oil causes the following environmental problems:
- it destroys habitats
- it harms diving birds
- it creates eyesores on beaches and shorelines
How is the separation of crude oil achieved?
Through fractional distillation
Name 5-7 of the major hydrocarbons obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil.
Refinery gas Petrol Naphtha Kerosene Diesel oil Fuel oil and lubricating oil Bitumen
Definition of fractional distillation
Fractional distillation is the separation of crude oil into simpler mixtures of hydrocarbons called fractions.
Fractional distillation is carried out in a …
Fractionating column
The crude oil enters the bottom of the fractionating column at a temperature of …
450°C
As you travel down the fractionating column (from top to bottom), we see an increase in the …
Boiling point of the fractions
Number of carbon atoms in the fraction
Size of the hydrocarbons
The crude oil enters at the bottom of the fractionating column as …
A hot gaseous mixture
How does the fractionating column allow gases to rise through the column?
The fractionating column has bubble caps, which allow gases to move upwards.
The temperature _________ up the column
Decreases
How are the fractions in crude oil separated within the fractionating column?
As the gases move up the column, hydrocarbons condense when the temperature of the column is the same as their boiling point.
Give a use of refinery gas, one of the fractions of crude oil.
Bottled gas
Give a use of petrol, one of the fractions of crude oil.
Vehicle fuel
Give a use of naphtha, one of the fractions of crude oil.
Chemicals and plastics
Give a use of kerosene, one of the fractions of crude oil.
Aircraft fuel
Give a use of diesel oil, one of the fractions of crude oil.
Large vehicle fuel
Give a use of fuel oil and lubricating oil, two of the fractions of crude oil.
Fuel for ships
Lubricants
Give a use of bitumen, one of the fractions of crude oil.
Road tar
Define a homologous series.
A homologous series is a family of organic compounds that have the same general formula, show similar chemical properties, show a gradation in their physical properties and differ by a CH2 unit.
Name the four homologous series required for GCSE Chemistry.
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alcohols
Carboxylic acids
Of the four homologous series required for GCSE Chemistry, which two are hydrocarbons?
Alkanes
Alkenes
Give the names of the first four Alkanes present in it’s homologous series.
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Give the names of the first two Alkenes present in it’s homologous series.
Ethene
Propene
Give the names of the first two alcohols present in it’s homologous series.
Methanol
Ethanol
Give the names of the first two carboxylic acids present in it’s homologous series.
Methanoic acid
Ethanoic acid
Why are alcohols and carboxylic acids not described as hydrocarbons?
As they contain oxygen atoms as well as hydrogen and carbon atoms.
What is the general formula for Alkanes?
CnH2n+2
What is the general formula for Alkenes?
CnH2n
What is the general formula for Alcohols?
CnH2n+1 OH
What is the general formula for Carboxylic acids?
CnH2n+1 COOH
For organic compounds containing one carbon atom, the prefix used is …
Meth-
For organic compounds containing two carbon atoms, the prefix used is …
Eth-
For organic compounds containing three carbon atoms, the prefix used is …
Prop-
For organic compounds containing four carbon atoms, the prefix used is …
But-
