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A-Level Chemistry > Topic 6 Organic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 6 Organic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a functional group?

A

The group of atoms which gives an organic compound its characteristics properties and reactions.

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2
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.

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3
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of compounds which all contain the same functional group and each member of the series contains one -CH₂- unit more than the previous number.

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4
Q

What is the general formula?

A

A formula which represents all members of a homologous series.

Alkanes - CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
Alkenes - CₙH₂ₙ

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5
Q

What are common functional groups and their names?

A 
C-C           Alkanes
C=C          Alkenes
-OH          Alcohols
C≡C         Alkynes
C-O-C      Esters
-CHO       Aldehydes
C=O         Ketones
-COOH    Carboxylic Acids
-NH₂         Primary Amines
-K             Halogenoalkanes      (K = Halogen)
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6
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

The simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element in a compound. (e.g. CH₃ for Ethane)

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7
Q

What is the molecular formula?

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a compound. (e.g. C₂H₆ for Ethane)

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8
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

Shows which atoms, or groups of atoms, are attached to each other in one molecule of a compound.
(e.g. CH₃-CH₃ for Ethane)

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9
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

Shows all the atoms and all the bonds between them in one molecule of a compound.
(e.g. H H
| |
H – C – C – H
| |
H H
for Ethane)

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10
Q

What is the skeletal formula?

A

Shows the functional groups fully, but the hydrocarbon part of a molecule is shown simply as lines between carbon atoms, getting rid of the need for C and H symbols. (e.g. / for Ethane, /\/ for C₄H₁₀)

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11
Q

How do you name organic substances?

A
  1. Identify the longest unbranched chain
  2. Identify any groups attached to the unbranched chain.
  3. Number the carbon atoms in the main chain.
  4. Name the compound using the name of the main chain. Prefix this by the names of the side groups attached with the lowest possible number for the side group.
  5. If there is more than one side group order them alphabetically.
  6. If there are two or more of the same side group add the prefix ‘di’, ‘tri’, or ‘tetra’ to the name of the side group
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12
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.

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13
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

A reaction in which two molecules add together to form a single product.

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14
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

A reaction in which one atom or group is replaced by another atom or group.

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15
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

A reaction which produces an unsaturated product by loss of atoms or groups from adjacent carbon atoms.

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16
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A reaction in which a compound splits apart in the presence of water.

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17
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

An addition reaction in which small molecules, called monomers, join together forming a giant molecule, called a polymer.

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18
Q

What is a free radical?

A

A species with an unpaired electron.

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19
Q

What are nucleophiles?

A

These are electron pair donors. They are negative ions or molecules with a lone pair of electrons that attack positive ions or positive centres in molecules.

20
Q

What are electrophiles?

A

These are electron pair acceptors. They are positive ions or molecules with a vacant orbital that attack negative ions or negative centres in molecules.

21
Q

What are saturated compounds?

A

Compounds which have only single bonds between atoms in their molecules.

22
Q

What are unsaturated compounds?

A

Compounds which have one or more double or triple bonds.

23
Q

What is free-radical substitution?

A

This is the replacement of hydrogen atoms in a molecule by halogen atoms in a reaction which involves free radicals.

24
Q

What are the three steps of free-radical substitution?

A

Initiation, Propagation and Termination.

25
Q

What is initiation?

A

The step of free-radical substitution which produces free radicals from molecules.

26
Q

What is propagation?

A

The step of free-radical substitution which form products and produce more free radicals.

27
Q

What is termination?

A

The step of free-radical substitution which removes free radicals by turning them into molecules.

This occurs when two free radicals react with each other.

28
Q

What is a chain reaction?

A

A reaction which occurs when a product can react with a starting material so the reaction continues.

29
Q

What is an octane number?

A

A measure of the performance of a fuel by comparison with 2,2,3-trimethylpentane, which is given the number 100, and heptane, which is given the number 0. Most UK petrol have an octane number of 95.

30
Q

What is the process of fractional distillation?

A

A process which separates different sized alkanes.
In this process, a furnace heats crude oil to 400ᵒC.
The oil then flows into a fractionating tower containing around 40 horizontal ‘trays’ pierced with small holes.
The column is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top. As longer alkanes have higher boiling points and smaller alkanes have lower boiling points, the height in the column where they condense differs with the smaller alkanes at the top and longer alkanes at the bottom.

31
Q

What are the products from fractional distillation?

A 
Gas (C₁ - C₄)
Gasoline (C₅ - C₁₀)
Kerosene (C₁₀ - C₁₆)
Diesel Oil (C₁₄ - C₂₀)
Heavy Diesel Oil (C₁₄ - C₂₀)
Some components of crude oil that couldn't vaporise at the furnace. (C₂₀ - C₇₀+)
32
Q

What is the process of vacuum distillation?

A

The process is similar to that of fractional distillation.
The remaining crude oil from the fractional distillation is put through another furnace with a lower pressure.
The lower pressure reduces the boiling points of the hydrocarbons.

33
Q

What are the products of vacuum distillation?

A

Lubricating Oil (C₂₀ - C₅₀)
Feed to Catalytic Cracker (C₂₀ - C₅₀)
Fuel Oil (C₂₀ - C₇₀)
Bitumen (C₇₀+)

34
Q

What is the process of Cracking used for?

A

To convert longer less useful alkanes into shorter more useful alkanes to keep up with demand.

35
Q

What is the term carbon neutral?

A

A term used if CO₂ (or other greenhouse gases) released is balanced by actions which remove an equivalent amount of CO₂ from the atmosphere.

36
Q

What are unsaturated compounds?

A

Compounds which contain one or more double or triple bonds between atoms in their molecules.

37
Q

What is E/Z Isomerism?

A

A term used when there is a restricted rotation about a bond and also different groups are attached to the carbon atoms at each end of the bond.

38
Q

What is Stereo Isomerism?

A

A term used when molecules with the same molecular formula and the same structural formula have a different spatial arrangement of bonds.

39
Q

What is a carbocation?

A

A reactive species which contains a carbon atom which has a positive charge.

40
Q

What are primary, secondary and tertiary hydrocarbons?

A

Primary - Functional group is attached to a carbon with one other carbon atom attached to that

Secondary - Functional group is attached to a carbon with two other carbon atoms attached to that

Tertiary - Functional group is attached to a carbon with three other carbon atoms attached to that

41
Q

What is heating under reflux?

A

Heating with a condenser placed vertically in the flask.

42
Q

What is a reflux condenser?

A

A condenser that is fitted vertically in a flask to prevent vapour escaping while a liquid is being heated. Vapour from the boiling reaction mixture condenses and flows back into the flask.

43
Q

What are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols?

A

Primary - Has the -OH group at the end of the chain

Secondary - Has the -OH group in the middle of the chain but not at a branch

Tertiary - Has the -OH group in the middle of the chain at a branch

44
Q

When is the term dehydrated used?

A

When a substance loses water. This can be the loss of water molecules e.g. CuSO₄.5H₂O or by the loss of a -H atom and -OH group from adjacent atoms leading to the formation of a double bond.

45
Q

What are the chemicals reactions for Halogenoalkanes?

A
  • Aqueous KOH –> Alcohol + KX (KCl)
  • Potassium Cyanide –> Nitrile + KX (KCl)
  • Ammonia –> Primary Amine + HX (HCl)
  • Aqueous Silver Nitrate in Ethanol –> Precipitate (Cl - white ppt, Br - pale cream ppt, I - pale yellow ppt)
46
Q

What are the chemical reactions for Alkenes?

A
  • H₂ (in presence of Nickel Catalyst) –> Alkane
  • Cl₂/Br₂/I₂ –> DiHalogenoalkane
  • HCl/HBr/HI –> Halogenoalkane
  • Steam (in presence of acid catalyst) –> Alcohol
  • Potassium Manganate (VII) (Acidic conditions) –> Diol
47
Q

What are the chemical reactions for Alcohols?

A
  • Combustion –> CO₂ + H₂O
  • PCl₅ –> Chloroalkane + HCl + POCl₃
  • Sulphuric Acid + KBr –> Bromoalkane + KOH
  • Red Phosphorus + Iodine –> Iodoalkane
  • Potassium Dichromate (VI) + Sulphuric Acid –> Aldehyde -> Carboxylic Acid (Primary Alcohol) / Ketone (Secondary Alcohol)

A-Level Chemistry (20 decks)

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