Topic 17 Organic 2 Flashcards
What is structural isomerism?
When compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.
E.g. both have C₃H₇Cl
but one is CH₃CH₂CH₂Cl and the other is CH₃CHClCH₃
What is stereoisomerism?
Where molecules have the same structural formula but the atoms are arranged differently in space.
This consists of both E/Z (Cis/Trans) isomerism and optical isomerism.
What is chain isomerism?
Where structural isomers have different arrangements of the carbon skeleton.
E.g. 2-methylbutane is a chain isomer of pentane.
What is position isomerism?
Where structural isomers have the same functional group attached to the same carbon chain, but in a different position.
E.g. butan-2-ol is a position isomer of butanol.
What is functional group isomerism?
Where structural isomers have different functional groups.
E.g. butanol is a functional group isomer of butane.
What is Cis/Trans isomerism? What is E/Z isomerism?
Cis/Trans - These are terms used to describe the structure of isomers. Cis is used if both the functional groups attached to each carbon in a C=C are on the same side. Trans is used if both the functional groups attached to each carbon in a C=C are on different sides.
E/Z - This is an extension of Cis/Trans isomerism that is used for more complex molecules. E is entgegen (opposite) and is the same as Trans. Z is zusammen (same) and is the same as Cis. The more complex molecules usually have more than one functional group attached to a C=C and therefore the functional group with the highest priority (highest atomic number) is used to identify the molecule as E/Z.
What is a chiral molecule?
A molecule that has a non-superimposable mirror image. This is due to the structure of the two molecules.
E.g. Human hands are mirror images of each other but are non-superimposable.
What does superimposable mean?
The ability to place two mirror images on top of each other to make two identical products without rotating/changing either object.
E.g. Hands are mirror images of each other and match if one hand is rotated and placed on top of the other. However, because a hand needs to be rotated, they are not superimposable.
What is an asymmetric carbon atom?
A carbon atom that is attached to 4 different functional groups.
E.g. CH₃-CH(OH)-COOH
The carbon atom in CH(OH) is attached to the CH₃, H, OH and COOH functional groups.
What is an asymmetric molecule?
A molecule that has no centre, axis or plane of symmetry. All asymmetric molecules are chiral.
What is an optical isomer/enantiomer?
When a chiral molecule and its non-superimposable mirror image rotate the plane of plane-polarised light in two different directions (one clockwise and the other anticlockwise).
What is a racemic mixture?
A mixture of equal amounts of the two mirror-image forms of a chiral compound. The mixture does not rotate polarised light as the two optical isomers have equal and opposite effects so they cancel out.
What is a nitrile?
An organic compound with the C≡N functional group.
E.g. Propionitrile
What is nucleophilic addition?
When an electron-rich species, a nucleophile, attacks the electron-deficient carbon atom of the unsaturated C=O bond, leading to the formation of a C-O single bond.
What is a nucleophile?
An electron-pair donor.