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Psychology Test 2 > Topic 6: Memory > Flashcards

Topic 6: Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Define memory

A

process of how we take something observed and convert it into a form we can store, retrieve, use

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2
Q

Process of memory

A

encoding - storage - retrieval

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3
Q

What is a memory?

A

MENTAL REPRESENTATION for something to be remembered = mental model of information

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4
Q

Sensory representation

A

5 senses eg visual image of a dog

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5
Q

Verbal representation

A

words, info, spelling, concepts, language eg info stored in words - concept of freedom

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6
Q

Motoric representation

A

memories of motor actions eg riding a bike

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7
Q

Information processing model of memory (standard)

A

stimulus - sensory register - short-term memory (STM) (rehearsal/retrievel) - long term memory (LTM) (retrieval)

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8
Q

Sensory registers/memory

A

Hold info about a perceived stimulus for a fraction of a second AFTER stimulus disappears

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9
Q

Sensory registers/memory - iconic storage

A

momentary storage VISUAL info

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10
Q

Sensory registers/memory - echoic storage

A

momentary storage AUDITORY info

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11
Q

Short-term memory (STM)

A

info from sensory reigsters that is ATTENDED to moves into STM (not all info attended to)

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12
Q

What is the capacity/duration of STM?

A

Capacity - small amount of info, ~7 items

Duration - short time, ~20-30 seconds

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13
Q

What happens if STM is rehearsed?

A

Info maintained in STM for longer

maintenance rehearsal + elaborative rehearsal - deep vs superficial learning

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14
Q

Long-term memory (LTM)

A

representations of facts, images, actions and skills - persists over a lifetime

works closely with working memory

contains info about our memory for experiences/info accumulated

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15
Q

What is the capacity/duration of LTM?

A

duration - potentially limitless

capacity - theoretically limitless

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16
Q

LTM MODEL

A

TYPE of knowledge - procedural memory + declarative memory (generic/semantic - general knowledge) & (episodic - specific events)

WAY knowledge is EXPRESSED - implicit memory + explicit memory (recall) & (recognition)

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17
Q

Types of explicit memory

A

Recall - conscious recollection of info from LTM

Recognition - identification of something previously seen/learned

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18
Q

Types of implicit memory

A

Priming - previous experience changes response without conscious awareness

Classical conditioning - associating response ith a stimulus

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19
Q

LTM Model (picture)

A
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20
Q

Evolution of memory model

A

Memory no longer thought of as serial processing modelling

Comprise number of modules

Interdependent (parallel processing) - not always conscious or retroactive

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21
Q

Working memory (WM)

A

Temporary storage & processing of info

  • solve problems, repsond to environment, achieve goals
22
Q

What is Badderley and Hitch’s 3 memory systems?

A
  1. visual memory store
  2. verbal memory store
  3. central executive
23
Q

What comprises the visual memory store? (memory systems)

A

VISUOSPATIAL SKETCHPAD - temp image (20-30 sec), stores info about location/nature of objects

what and where

24
Q

What comprises the verbal memory store? (memory systems)

A

PHONOLOGICAL LOOP - storage verbal items (STM), limited capacity

25
Q

What comprises the central executive? (memory systems)

A

controls flow and processing of info, limited capacity

26
Q

Multi-component model of WM

A
27
Q

Everyday memory

A

As it occurs in everyday life

functional memory

remembering info that is meaningful

28
Q

Function of memory and intent as learnt infor (WM)

A

emotional significance of memory

prospective aspect of memory (future)

retrospective aspects of memroy (past)

29
Q

What is prospective memory? (WM)

A

memory for future tasks, remembering to remember, what/when to remember

30
Q

Encoding in LTM

A

Encoded = info cast into representational form (converted to be easily accessed)

Type/level of encoding influences accessibility of info

31
Q

Levels of processing info in LTM

A

shallow processing - physical characteristics of stimulus

deep processing - meaning of stimulus

Eg. word understanding
structural - word (letters/length)
phonetic - what does it sound like/rhyme with
semantic processing - meaning, use in sentence

32
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

ease of retrieval depends on match between way info was encoded and how it’s later retrieved

poor recall = shallow learning using deep processing technique

33
Q

Why is context important with retrieval of info/memory?

A

context of encode/retrieval of info can affect case of retrieval

same context+emotional state gives retrieval cues = recollection

34
Q

What is context dependent memory?

A

Info easier to recall when encoded/retrieved in same CONTEXT

35
Q

What is mood (state) congruent memory?

A

info easier to recall when encoded/retrieved in same EMOTIONAL state

36
Q

What is the spacing effect?

A

superiority of memory for info rehearsed over longer intervals

cramming doesn’t work long-term (1+ days)

37
Q

What is representaional modes (LTM)?

A

^ number of different modes = ^ remembering (visual, auditory, motoric)

> meaning > depth

38
Q

How to remember better/more

Mnemonic devices

A

encode long series of facts by associating them with familiar/previously encoded info

new info to existing info

follow worn neural trail

‘network of association’

39
Q

How to remember more/better

Networks of association

A

memory built through association/pathway which is can be recalled

40
Q

How to remember more/better

How to LTM organised in ‘network of association’?

A

organised in clusters of info related in meaning

each piece of info along a network = node

interconnected / some stronger than others

mnemonic devices allow addition of concepts to existing networks

41
Q

What do nodes contain? (networks of association)

A

thoughts, images, smells, emotions, other info

spreading activation - activate one node, activate another, need not be spoken
Eg; link between tide/surf and laundry detergent

42
Q

How to remember more/better

What are schemas?

A

patterns of thought, organised knowledge structures, predict evironment

mental shortcut

match new info against existing schemas in memory

43
Q

How do schemas affect the way we remember?

A
  1. influence way info is encoded (same/different from expectation)
  2. shape way info is restructured/changed
44
Q

Memory fails

7 sins of memory

A
  1. transcience - memories fade with time
  2. absent-mindedness - need to pay attention to remember
  3. misattribution - misremembering source of a memory
  4. suggestibility - thinking we remember
  5. bias - distortions in recall
  6. persistence - recurring memories
  7. forgetting - inability to remember
45
Q

Memory fails

what is forgetting?

A

inability to recall previously learned info

46
Q

Memory fails

Accuracy of LTM and flashback memory

A

flashback memory = vivid memory of existing/significant events

memory subject to error/bias

can be primed with cues

altered by emotional factors

recall can be manipulated by leading questions

47
Q

Theories of forgetting

Decay theory

A

result of fading neural trace and weakened with disuse

48
Q

Theories of forgetting

Interference Theory

A

intrusion of similar memories on each other - conflict between new/old

proactive interference = old memories interfere with retrieval of new info

retroactive interference = new info interefered with retrieval of old info

49
Q

Theories of forgetting

Motivated forgetting

A

forgetting for a reason

implies forgetting can avoid/block painful memories (Freudian/psychodynamic unconscious)

50
Q

Theories of forgetting

Disordered memory: amnesia

A

Retrograde amnesia = inability to remember OLD memories, associated with stroke, tumour, TBI

Anterograde amnesia = inability to retain NEW memories, can retrieve old ones/not form new ones, associated with Alzheimers

Psychology Test 2 (5 decks)

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