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Psychology Test 2 > Topic 4: Learning > Flashcards

Topic 4: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

What is learning?

A
  • enduring change due to response of an experience
  • change/adaptation to behaviour
  • can change the way we perceive, think, feel, act
  • cannot be observed directly = inferred from behaviour observed
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2
Q

What are the 3 main types of learning?

A
  1. classical conditioning
  2. operant conditioning
  3. modelling/observational learning (cognitive-social)
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3
Q

What is classical conditioning (CC)?

A

learning of a new association/relationship between two previously unrelated stimuli

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4
Q

What is only applied to CC?

A

reflexes and autonomic responses

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5
Q

What is the process of CC?

A

stimulus elicit sensory/behavioural response + automatic reflexive response = behavioural response outside out conscious awareness

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6
Q

Who is associated with CC?

A 
Ivan Pavlov - salivating dogs - Pavlovian Conditioning
John Watson (behaviourism) - little Albert - reflexive emotional response
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7
Q

Model of CC

A

Prior:
UCS (meat) - UCR (salivation)
NS (bell) - No UCR (no salivation)

During:
NS (bell) - UCS (meat) - UCR (saltivation)

After:
CS (bell) - CR (salivation)

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8
Q

What is operant conditioning (OC)?

A

learning of a new association between behaviour and its consequences = voluntary response
reinforcement + punishment

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9
Q

OC and reinforcement

A

INCREASES likelihood of future behaviour
+ reinforcement = pleasant stimulus
- reinforcement = removal of aversive stimulus

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10
Q

OC and punishment

A

DECREASES likelihood of future behaviour
+ punishment = aversive stimulus
- punishment = removal of pleasant stimulus

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11
Q

Who is associated with OC?

A

B.F Skinner - skinner box; rats and reward system

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12
Q

Problems of punishment

A

learner may not understand which behaviour is being punished, fear the ‘punisher’, may not undo existing rewards for a behaviour, punitive aggression = future aggression

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13
Q

Schedules of reinforcement

A

how often and when we receive reinforcement

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14
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

behaviour reinforced every time it occurs, best used during initial learning

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15
Q

Intermittent/partial reinforcement

A

behaviour reinforced part of the time, more difficult to extinguish

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16
Q

Ratio schedule

A

fixed ratio - reinforcement after certain # of responses = high response rate

variable ratio - reinforcement after varying # of responses = higher response rate, resilient against extinction

17
Q

Interval schedules

A

fixed interval - reinforcement after specific time period has passed = low response rate

variable interval - reinforcement after first response and then varying time periods = stable response rate

18
Q

Real world OC examples

A 
behavioural modification (remedial education, therapy for ASD)
behavioural therapy (quitting smoking)
19
Q

What is cognitive-social learning?

A

role of thought + social learning on behaviour

observational & modelling

20
Q

What is observational learning?

A

learn by observing behaviour of others (models), with/out CC and OC

21
Q

What is modelling?

A

reproduce/copy another’s behaviour
imitation depends on prestige of model, likeability, attractiveness, whether model is rewarded/punished for behaviour (vicarious conditioning)

22
Q

Who is associated with cognitive-social learning?

A

Albert Bandura - bobo doll experiment

23
Q

Stimulus generalisation and discrimination (CC)

A

if a response is conditioned to one stimulus, the organism may also respond to a similar stimulus (generalisation) but not to a disimilar stimulus (discrimination)

Eg: little albert conditioned fear of rats generalised to other furry white objects

24
Q

Habituation

A

DECREASE in behavioural response when stimulus is presented repeatedly

25
Q

Sensitisation

A

INCREASE in behavioural response when stimulus is presented repeatedly

26
Q

Extinction

A

learned inhibition response - not unlearning
CR becomes weaker when CS is presented without UCS = response has extinguished
eg: treating phobias

27
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

re-emergence of previously extinguished CR

time passing/new context following extinction can partially renew CR

Psychology Test 2 (5 decks)

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