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Biology > Topic 6 Inheritance, variation and evolutio > Flashcards

Topic 6 Inheritance, variation and evolutio Flashcards

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1
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Between 1 plant or animal through mitosis so like clones of the parent.

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2
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual between a sperm and egg cell or plant cells and pollen. Fusion of gametes to make 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) 23= 1 gamete. Suse together through meiosis so not genetically identical. Mother one set father other set.

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3
Q

What happens in meiosis?

A

Not geneteically identical produces 4 daughter cells produce gametes and the chromosome number is reduced by half.

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4
Q

What are some advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Allows for selective breeding which is developing the offspring to have a certain characteristic which are desirable alike to 2 animals with lots of meat.
Provides variation so if a species is more likely to survive if enviromental conditions change.

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5
Q

What is a gene?

A

Small section of DNA in a chromosome with a triplet of bases.

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6
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Small section of DNA found in the nucleus .

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7
Q

Different types of alleles.

A

Dominant or recessive

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8
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

1 dominant allele and recessive allele

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9
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

2 recessive alleles

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10
Q

What is cystic fybrosis?

A

A disorder of cell membranes resulting in a thick nucleus forming.

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11
Q

What does embryonic screening do?

A

It is to check for disorders to be either extracted or developed in a lab.

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12
Q

What are some adv. of embryonic screening?

A

Many regulations to stop it getting out of hand.
Prevents a disorder.

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13
Q

What are some dis. of embryonic screening?

A

Gives the idea that with that disorder they won’t live a full life / unwanted lead to changing of characteristics designer babies
Very expensive
Lead to miscarriage decisions about terminating the pregnancy.

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14
Q

How is the sex determined?

A

By a punnett square

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15
Q

What pair carries the sex genes?

A

23rd pair XY or XX

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16
Q

What’s female or male symbols?

A

XX for female
XY for male

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17
Q

What 2 things affect the phenotype?

A

Genotype - so the genes inherited providing genetic variation never the same except in twins by mother and father.

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18
Q

What is genetic variation caused by?

A

Mutations in a sequence of DNA doesn’t usually affect the phenotype but if it does and if it is advantageous then natural selction makes it the common phenotype.

19
Q

What can variation be affceted by?

A

Variation in the enviroment e.g. weight.

20
Q

What’s eveolution caused by?

A

Mutations if they are advantageous.

21
Q

Define evolution.

A

Change in inherited characteristics by Natural selection may = new species.

22
Q

What is the theory of evolution?

A

All species evolved from simple life billions of years ago.

23
Q

What is speciation?

A

When a species become infertile and are new species.

24
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Parents with a desired characteristic are bred with parents also with that characteristic. Eg. lots of meat/ plant disease resistant.

25
Q

What are the dis. of selective breeding?

A

Reduces the gene pool so less different alleles = easily wiped out because no variation.

26
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Modyfying the genome by introducing a gene from another organism = desired characteristic.

27
Q

How does genetic engineering work?

A

Genes from chromosomes are cut out
Plasmids alos cut out
Loop and genes stuck together
Placed in a vector = multiply and contains modified gene.

28
Q

What are some adv. of genetic engineering?

A

Larger yield of crops
Vitamins can grow where they usually wouldn’t
Larger crops = less world hunger
Mass produce in medicine

29
Q

What are some dis. of genetic engineering?

A

Health risks are unknown
Infertility can spread to wild plants and damage the enviroment
Can be used in babies to create designer babies
Selection pressure

30
Q

Explain the process of fossils.

A
  1. remains fall to the bottom of the sea where rock and mud form on top so no oxygen or moisture they turn to rock under the pressure.
  2. Teeth, shells and bones turn to rock
  3. Footprints are formed as a cast around them
31
Q

What are fossils?

A

Remains of organisms from millions of years ago found in rocks.

32
Q

Whats the difference between soft bodied animals and hard bodied animals in fossilisation?

A

Soft bodied don’t turn and are destroyed by geological activity.

33
Q

What is extinction caused by?

A

Change of habitat
Catastrophic event
New disease arises no resitant alleles
Organism with more advantageous mutations competing for the same food source.
Destruction of habitat

34
Q

Define extinction.

A

When an entire species has died out.

35
Q

Define resistant bacteria.

A

When bacteria that was once cured by an antibiotic isn’t killed.

36
Q

What is selective pressure?

A

Bacteria reproduces at a fast rate so advantageous mutations are passed on and the population increases rapidly and mutations spreads rapidly.

37
Q

What can’t antibiotics be used against?

A

Can’t be used for viral infections have to be taken for full course. Specific antiobiotic = specicfic bacteria Used less in agriculture.

38
Q

How can less resistant bacteria be developed?

A

Disposable clothing or regularly sanitised
increase standards of hygiene
Regularly washing hands.

39
Q

How can the classification of living organisms be shown?

A

Evolutionary trees.

40
Q

What is the classification of living organsims?

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

41
Q

3 main groups of classification of living organisms?

A

Archae
Bacteria
Eukaryota

42
Q

3 main groups of classification of living organisms?

A

Archae
Bacteria
Eukaryota

43
Q

Who invented the classification of living organisms?

A

Carl linneaus in the 1700s.

Biology (3 decks)

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