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Biology > Topic 6 – Inheritance, Variation and Evolution > Flashcards

Topic 6 – Inheritance, Variation and Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the variation?

A

differences in the characteristics of individuals in a population

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2
Q

What can cause variation?

A

genetic causes, environmental causes, and a combination of genes and the environment

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3
Q

How do new phenotype variants occur?

A

mutations

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4
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

breeding plants and animals for particular characteristics

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5
Q

Describe the process of selective breeding.

A
  1. choose parents with the desired characteristic
  2. breed them together
  3. choose offspring with the desired characteristic
  4. continue over many generations until all offspring show the desired characteristic
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6
Q

What are the consequences of inbreeding?

A

inherited defects and disease

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7
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic

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8
Q

How have plant crops been genetically engineered?

A

to be resistant to disease/herbicides/pesticides, to produce bigger fruits, to give higher yields

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9
Q

How have bacteria been genetically engineered?

A

to produce useful substances, such as human insulin to treat diabetes

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10
Q

What are enzymes used for in genetic engineering?

A

cut out the required gene

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11
Q

What is used to transfer the required gene into the new cell in genetic engineering?

A

vector( e.g., bacterial plasmid or virus)

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12
Q

Describe the steps involved in adult cell cloning

A
  1. nucleus removed from an unfertilised egg cell
  2. nucleus from an adult body cell inserted into a cell
  3. electric shock stimulates egg cells to divide to form an embryo
  4. embryo develops and is inserted into the womb of an adult female
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13
Q

What is tissue culture cloning?

A

using small groups of cells from plants to grow identical new plants

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14
Q

Why is tissue culture cloning of plants important?

A

preserve rare species and for growing plants commercially in nurseries

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15
Q

What is cutting as a cloning method?

A

simple method used by gardeners to produce many identical plants from a parent plant

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16
Q

Describe cloning through using embryo transplants.

A

cells split apart from a developing animal embryo before they are specialised, then the identical embryos are transplanted into host mothers

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17
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

joining(fusion) of male and female gametes

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18
Q

What type of cell division is involved in sexual reproduction?

A

meiosis

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19
Q

What type of cell division is involved in asexual reproduction?

A

mitosis

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20
Q

What is meiosis?

A

cell division that produces four daughter cells (gametes), each with a single set of chromosomes

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21
Q

What are the male and female sex chromosomes in humans?

A

XX-female, XY-male

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22
Q

How can plants produce asexually?

A

bulb division (e.g.,daffodils) or runners (e.g.,strawberry plants)

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23
Q

What is the genetic material in cells called?

A

DNA

24
Q

What is DNA?

A

polymer made of chains of four different nucleotides

25
Q

What does a nucleotides consist of?

A

sugar, phosphate group, and one of four different bases (A, G, C, or T)

26
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

two complementary strands of nucleotides forming a double helix

27
Q

What is a gene?

A

small section of DNA that codes for a particular amino acid sequence, to make a specific protein

28
Q

How many bases code for an amino acid?

A

three

29
Q

Which bases pair in complementary DNA strands?

A

C with G, T with A

30
Q

What is the function of non-coding DNA?

A

switch genes on and off to control their expression

31
Q

What are alleles?

A

different forms of the same gene

32
Q

What is recessive allele?

A

allele that needs to be present twice to be expressed

33
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

allele that is always expressed, even if only one copy is present

34
Q

What is a genome?

A

the entire genetic material of an organism

35
Q

Define the term homozygous.

A

two of the same alleles present in an organism

36
Q

Define the term heterozygous.

A

two different alleles present in an organism

37
Q

Where in the cell are protein made?

A

on the ribosomes

38
Q

What type of allele causes polydactyly?

A

dominant allele

39
Q

What type of allele causes cystic fibrosis?

A

recessive allele

40
Q

How many chromosomes do normal human body cells have?

A

23 pairs

41
Q

What is evolution?

A

change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time through natural selection

42
Q

Who first proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection?

A

Charles Darwin

43
Q

What is the theory of evolution by natural selection?

A

all species of living things evolved from a common ancestor that developed billions of years ago

44
Q

Describe Lamarck’s idea of inheritance.

A

organisms change over their lifetimes and these characteristics can be inherited

45
Q

Why was the theory of evolution by natural selection controversial?

A
  • challenged the idea that God made all of Earth’s animals and plants
  • insufficient evidence at the time
  • genes, inheritance, and variation were not understood
46
Q

What is speciation?

A

gradual formation of a new species as a result of evolution

47
Q

What evidence supports the theory of evolution?

A
  • parents pass their characteristics to offspring in genes
  • fossil record evidence
  • evolution of an antibiotic-resistant bacteria
48
Q

What did Mendel discover through breeding experiments on plants?

A

inheritance of characteristics is determined by units (genes) passed on unchanged to offspring

49
Q

What are fossils?

A

remains of organisms from millions of years ago, found in rocks

50
Q

How might fossils be formed?

A
  • parts of an organism do not decay because the conditions needed for decay are absent
  • traces of organisms are preserved
  • parts of an organism are replaced by minerals
51
Q

What are the problems with the fossil record?

A
  • many early organisms were soft-bodied so left few fossils
  • gaps in the fossil record as not all fossils have been found and some have been destroyed
52
Q

What are the benefits of the fossil record?

A

can learn how species changed and life developed on Earth, and can track movement of species across the world

53
Q

What is extinction?

A

no individuals of a species are still alive

54
Q

What is the binomial system?

A

naming of organisms by their genus and a species

55
Q

What classification system did Carl Woese introduce?

A

three-domain system of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota

56
Q

Why can bacteria evolve rapidly?

A

they reproduce at a fast rate

57
Q

How do antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria develop?

A

mutations that allow the strain to survive and reproduce

Biology (4 decks)

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