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Biology > Topic 5 – Homeostasis and Response > Flashcards

Topic 5 – Homeostasis and Response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis describes all of the processes that happen in a cell or organism to maintain (keep) optimal conditions. This is needed to respond to changes in the internal and external environment.

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2
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

it enables organisms to react to their surroundings and coordinates behaviour

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3
Q

Why are reflex actions described as rapid and automatic?

A

they do not involve the conscious part of the brain

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4
Q

What are the two parts of the central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Why are reflex actions important?

A

for survival and to prevent damage to the body

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6
Q

Give the pathway of the cerebral cortex.

A

outer layer of the brain playing an important role in consciousness

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7
Q

Give the function of the medulla oblongata

A

part of the brain above the spinal cord that controls breathing and heart rate

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8
Q

Give the function of the cerebellum

A

part at the back of the brain involved in coordinating muscle activity

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9
Q

Why is it difficult to treat brain disorders?

A

the brain is very complex and delicate

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10
Q

What is a synapse?

A

gap between two neurones, allowing impulses to cross

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11
Q

What is the function of neurones?

A

Carry electrical impulses around the body

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12
Q

Give three internal conditions controlled in homeostasis.

A

body temperature, blood glucose and water levels

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13
Q

Give three things all control systems include

A

receptors, coordination centres and effectors

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14
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near/distant objects

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15
Q

Give two common defects of the eyes.

A

Myopia(short-sightedness)and hyperopia(long-sightedness)

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16
Q

How can eye defects be treated?

A

spectacle lenses, contact lenses, laser surgery, and replacement lenses in the eye

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17
Q

Where is body temperature monitored and controlled?

A

thermoregulatory centre in the brain

18
Q

What happens if body temperature is too high?

A

blood vessels dilate(vasodilation) and sweat is produced

19
Q

What happens if body temperature is too low?

A

blood vessels constrict(vasoconstriction), sweating stops, and shivering takes place

20
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

21
Q

How do the effects of the endocrine system compare to those of the nervous system?

A

endocrine system effects are slower but act for longer

22
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

brain

23
Q

Which organ monitors and controls blood glucose?

A

pancreas

24
Q

Which hormones interact to regulate blood concentration?

A

insulin and glucagon

25
Q

What is the cause type 1 diabetes?

A

pancreas produces insufficient insulin

26
Q

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes?

A

body cells no longer respond to insulin

27
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

filter and reabsorb useful substances from the blood, and produce urine to excrete excess water, ions and urea

28
Q

How are excess amino acids excreted from the body?

A

deaminated to form ammonia in the liver, ammonia is converted to urea and excreted

29
Q

Which hormone controls the water level in the body?

A

ADH

30
Q

How is kidney failure treated?

A

organ transplant or kidney dialysis

31
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

causes eggs to mature in ovaries, and stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

32
Q

What is the function of LH?

A

stimulates the release of an egg

33
Q

What is the of oestrogen?

A

causes lining of uterus wall to thicken

34
Q

What are the methods of hormonal contraception?

A

oral contraceptives, an injection, implant, or skin patch

35
Q

State the disadvantages of IVF treatment

A
  • emotionally and physically stressful
  • low success rate
    -can lead to risky multiple births
36
Q

What is the function of adrenaline in the body?

A

increase heart rate and boosts delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain and muscles to prepare the body for ‘fight or flight’

37
Q

What is the function function of thyroxine in the body?

A

stimulates basal metabolic rate, so is important for growth and development

38
Q

What is geotropism?

A

orientation and growth of plants in response to gravity

39
Q

What is phototropism?

A

orientation and growth of plant in response to light

40
Q

What are the uses of gibberellins in agriculture?

A

end seed dormancy, promote flowering, and increase fruit size

Biology (4 decks)

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