Topic 6: Human Physiology Flashcards
list the components of the alimentary canal
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
list the accessory organs
salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder
esophagus
long tube connecting mouth to stomach
stomach
container for food where it is churned and digested in acid
small intestine
absorption of nutrients
large intestine
absorption of water and minerals
salivary glands
secrete amylase, which breaks down starch
pancreas
produces enzymes for small intestine, also insulin and glucagon
liver
converts raw materials taken from small intestine into key chemicals
gallbladder
stores bile from liver
outline the digestion of starch
- starch is the polysaccharide of glucose, either amylose or amylopectin
- starch is ingested through the mouth, salivary amylase breaks down amylose
- no digestion of starch occurs in the stomach due to pH
- continues with pancreatic amylase digesting amylose in the intestines
what is the left side of the heart responsible for
the left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood around the body in systemic circulation
what is the right side of the heart responsible for
the right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs in pulmonary circulation
outline the role of arteries
arteries convey blood at high pressure from the ventricles of the heart to tissues in the body; have muscle and elastic fibers in the walls
describe the specialized components of arteries
- narrow lumen to maintain high pressure
- thick walls with collagen to maintain elasticity
- muscle and elastic fibers to maintain pulse
outline the role of capillaries
capillaries have permeable walls that allow the exchange of materials between the tissue in the body and the blood in the capillary travelling at low pressure
describe the specialized components of capillaries
- small diameter that only fit one RBC at a time
- wall is only one cell thick to allow to faster diffusion
- basement membrane/pores allow for transport of materials
outline the role of veins
veins collect blood from the tissues in the body to return to the atria of the heart at low pressure
describe the specialized components of veins
- wide lumens to maximize blood flow
- less muscle and elastic fibers to due to low pressure
- valves to prevent backflow
what is a pathogen
disease-causing agent that disrupts the homeostasis of the infected host
what are antibiotics
compounds that target pathogens but don’t affect host’s cells
outline antibiotic resistance
describe the effect of penicillin on a virus
antibiotics like penicillin will not effect a virus because viruses lack metabolism and are therefore non-living
1st line of defense
surface barriers (skin/mucous)
2nd line of defense
innate immunity (non-specific)
3rd line of defense
adaptive immunity (specific)
what is a blood clot
seals damaged vessels to prevent pathogen entering the circulatory system through an open wound
describe innate immunity
non-specific (do not differentiate between different types of pathogens)
non-adaptive (give the same response to all pathogens)