Topic 6: Human Physiology

Question 1

list the components of the alimentary canal

Answer 1

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Question 2

list the accessory organs

Answer 2

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder

Question 3

esophagus

Answer 3

long tube connecting mouth to stomach

Question 4

stomach

Answer 4

container for food where it is churned and digested in acid

Question 5

small intestine

Answer 5

absorption of nutrients

Question 6

large intestine

Answer 6

absorption of water and minerals

Question 7

salivary glands

Answer 7

secrete amylase, which breaks down starch

Question 8

pancreas

Answer 8

produces enzymes for small intestine, also insulin and glucagon

Question 9

liver

Answer 9

converts raw materials taken from small intestine into key chemicals

Question 10

gallbladder

Answer 10

stores bile from liver

Question 11

outline the digestion of starch

Answer 11

• starch is the polysaccharide of glucose, either amylose or amylopectin
• starch is ingested through the mouth, salivary amylase breaks down amylose
• no digestion of starch occurs in the stomach due to pH
• continues with pancreatic amylase digesting amylose in the intestines

Question 12

what is the left side of the heart responsible for

Answer 12

the left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood around the body in systemic circulation

Question 13

what is the right side of the heart responsible for

Answer 13

the right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs in pulmonary circulation

Question 14

outline the role of arteries

Answer 14

arteries convey blood at high pressure from the ventricles of the heart to tissues in the body; have muscle and elastic fibers in the walls

Question 15

describe the specialized components of arteries

Answer 15

• narrow lumen to maintain high pressure
• thick walls with collagen to maintain elasticity
• muscle and elastic fibers to maintain pulse

Question 16

outline the role of capillaries

Answer 16

capillaries have permeable walls that allow the exchange of materials between the tissue in the body and the blood in the capillary travelling at low pressure

Question 17

describe the specialized components of capillaries

Answer 17

• small diameter that only fit one RBC at a time
• wall is only one cell thick to allow to faster diffusion
• basement membrane/pores allow for transport of materials

Question 18

outline the role of veins

Answer 18

veins collect blood from the tissues in the body to return to the atria of the heart at low pressure

Question 19

describe the specialized components of veins

Answer 19

• wide lumens to maximize blood flow
• less muscle and elastic fibers to due to low pressure
• valves to prevent backflow

Question 20

what is a pathogen

Answer 20

disease-causing agent that disrupts the homeostasis of the infected host

Question 21

what are antibiotics

Answer 21

compounds that target pathogens but don’t affect host’s cells

Question 22

outline antibiotic resistance

Question 23

describe the effect of penicillin on a virus

Answer 23

antibiotics like penicillin will not effect a virus because viruses lack metabolism and are therefore non-living

Question 24

1st line of defense

Answer 24

surface barriers (skin/mucous)

Question 25

2nd line of defense

Answer 25

innate immunity (non-specific)

Question 26

3rd line of defense

Answer 26

adaptive immunity (specific)

Question 27

what is a blood clot

Answer 27

seals damaged vessels to prevent pathogen entering the circulatory system through an open wound

Question 28

describe innate immunity

Answer 28

non-specific (do not differentiate between different types of pathogens)
non-adaptive (give the same response to all pathogens)