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hl biology > Topic 2: Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Topic 2: Molecular Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

what is metabolism

A

enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

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2
Q

what are organic compounds

A

molecules that contain carbon and found in all living things

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3
Q

what are the 4 biomacromolecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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4
Q

describe anabolism

A

turning simple molecules into complex ones through condensation reaction

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5
Q

example of an anabolic process

A

photosynthesis

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6
Q

describe catabolism

A

breaking down complex molecules into simple ones through hydrolysis

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7
Q

example of a catabolic process

A

cellular respiration

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8
Q

list the properties of water

A

cohesive, adhesive, solvent, thermal

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9
Q

outline what it means for water to be cohesive

A

water can form hydrogen bonds with other water, high surface tension

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10
Q

outline what it means for water to be solvent

A

hydrophilic substances can dissolve in water

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11
Q

outline what it means for water to be thermal

A

water can absorb large amounts of heat energy, high boiling point

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12
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

the monomer of a carbohydrate

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13
Q

give 2 examples of a monosaccharide

A

glucose and ribose

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14
Q

polysaccharide = ?

A

monosaccharide + monosaccharide

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15
Q

list 3 types of polysaccharides (hint: think about glucose)

A

cellulose, starch, glycogen

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16
Q

cellulose = ?

A

b-glucose + b-glucose

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17
Q

where can cellulose be found

A

plant cell wall

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18
Q

starch = ?

A

a-glucose + a-glucose

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19
Q

where can starch be found

A

energy storage in plants

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20
Q

glycogen = ?

A

a-glucose + a-glucose

21
Q

where can glycogen be found

A

energy storage in animals

22
Q

list the 4 types of lipids and their significance

A

triglyceride (adipose tissues),
phospholipid (bilayer),
cholesterol (animal cell membrane),
steroids (hormones)

23
Q

what is the monomer of a protein

A

amino acid

24
Q

what connects amino acids to form proteins

A

peptide bonds

25
Q

outline the structure of protein

A

primary - sequence of amino acids
secondary - a-helices and b-pleated sheets coiling or folding the protein together
tertiary - protein takes on 3D shape
quaternary - multiple polypeptide chains together

26
Q

describe the denaturation of a protein

A

can be caused by change in temperature or pH, results in unfolding of the protein

27
Q

what is an enzyme

A

a globular protein that speeds up the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy

28
Q

what are the key parts of the catalysis of an enzyme

A

the enzyme reacts with the SUBSTRATE and binds to the ACTIVE SITE

29
Q

what is the lock and key model and is it currently accepted

A

theory that the substrate fits perfectly into the active site (not currently accepted)

30
Q

what is the induced fit model and is it currently accepted

A

theory that the active site changes its shape to fit the substrate perfectly (currently accepted)

31
Q

list the 3 factors affecting enzyme activity

A

temperature, pH, substrate concentration

32
Q

what is a nucleotide

A

monomer of a nucleic acid

33
Q

list the 3 basic components of a nucleotide

A

pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base (“a house with a pool and a yard”)

34
Q

what are the nitrogenous bases

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine (and also uracil…)

35
Q

outline the structure of DNA

A

two complementary strands line up in opposite directions, anti-parallel, with the
bases facing inwards and connected by hydrogen bonds (G ≡ C and A = T) … forms a double helix!

36
Q

outline the structure of RNA

A

polynucleotide chain remains single stranded, but may fold upon itself to
form double stranded motifs

37
Q

who figured out the structure of DNA

A

Watson and Crick

38
Q

formula for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6 CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

39
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP

40
Q

describe aerobic respiration (overall yield energy, products, location, process)

A

overall yield energy: 36-38 ATP
products: CO2 + H2O
location: cytoplasm and mitochondria
process: by glycolysis, uses oxygen, fully breaks down glucose

41
Q

describe anaerobic respiration (overall yield energy, products, location, process)

A

overall yield energy: 2 ATP
products: lactic acid / ethanol and CO2
location: cytoplasm
process: by glycolysis, no oxygen, partially breaks down glucose

42
Q

what is the full form of ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate (3 phosphate groups so more energy)

43
Q

what is the full form of ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate (only 2 phosphate groups so less phosphate)

44
Q

what is fermentation

A

process of breaking down carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen

45
Q

what does the fermentation of bread and alcohol produce

A

ethanol and CO2

46
Q

what does the fermentation of yogurt and cheese produce

A

lactic acid

47
Q

what is a respirometer

A

device that measures the rate of cell respiration by measuring the rate of exchange of O2 and CO2

48
Q

outline the process of respirometry

A
  1. living organism (ex: germinating seeds or invertebrate organism) enclosed in container
  2. CO2 measured using data logger
  3. O2 measured by pressure change shown in water tube
49
Q

what are the 5 factors that impact respiration rates

A

temperature, hydration, light, age, activity levels

hl biology (8 decks)

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