Topic 6 Flashcards
What are the three drivers of individual performance (Griffin 2014)?
Motivation, ability, and work environment.
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A theory that people are motivated by a progression of needs from physiological to self-actualisation.
What is Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory?
Motivators cause satisfaction; hygiene factors prevent dissatisfaction.
What is Vroom’s Expectancy Theory?
A motivation theory stating that individuals choose behaviors based on the expected outcomes; motivation = expectancy × instrumentality × valence.
What is Goal-Setting Theory (Locke)?
People perform better with clear goals
What is performance management (PM)?
A process of managing people and goals to improve performance (Armstrong
Who designs and who owns performance management?
Designed by HR
What is the difference between soft and hard PM?
Soft PM focuses on development and trust; hard PM focuses on control and measurement.
What is performance appraisal?
A method of evaluating past performance and setting future goals.
List three common problems with appraisals.
Bias from managers, unclear evaluation criteria, and infrequent feedback.
What is reward management?
The strategies, policies, and processes used to reward employees fairly, consistently, and transparently to motivate and retain them.
What are the three parts of a reward package?
Basic pay, benefits, and performance-related incentives.
When is pay a strong motivator?
When it’s linked to performance
List types of performance-related pay (PRP).
Merit pay, bonuses, commission, and profit-sharing.
What are criticisms of PRP?
Can create unhealthy competition, short-term focus, bias in evaluations, and demotivation if targets are unrealistic.
What is the gender pay gap in Ireland?
Around 13% (2023).
What law requires Irish firms to report pay gaps?
Gender Pay Gap Information Act 2021.
What causes the gender pay gap?
Occupational segregation, differences in work experience, discrimination, and unequal access to promotions and opportunities.
What is precarious work?
Work with low pay
What is the platform economy?
Work based on digital platforms
List pros and cons of platform work.
Pros: flexibility; Cons: insecurity
What does Vosko (2010) say about precarious work?
It involves low income
List 3 drivers shaping the future of work.
Technological change, globalization, and demographic shifts.
What is employee voice?
Employee involvement in decision-making about their work.
What are direct and indirect participation?
Direct = personal involvement; Indirect = via reps or councils.
What are risks of technology at work?
Job displacement, data security threats, employee surveillance, and increased work-related stress.
What does Aguinis et al. (2013) say about rewards?
They work best when tied to performance and seen as fair.
What does Murphy (2020) say about appraisals?
They often fail but persist due to habit and structure.
What is Cruddas (2021)’s key message?
Modern work devalues labour; dignity must be restored.
What is Howard (2019)’s view on AI?
AI offers benefits but raises ethical and job-related concerns.
