topic 6 Flashcards
what are environmental tactics to achieve social control
a way to design out crime of a situation by manipulating the environment
2 main ways crime can be designed out
- limiting an offenders opportunity to offend
- allowing people to control their spaces
what does CPTED stand for
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
what makes defensible spaces defendable
- territoriality
- natural surveillance
- safe image
- safe location
background on CPTED
created by C.R. Jeffrey and some ideas were influenced by Broken windows theory
natural surveillence
- when an area is visible or overlooked by bystanders
- criminals wont want to be seen or recognised so will choose to commit crime where they can easily hide or escape
natural access control
- changing the approach to buildings to defined areas
- criminals want to feel in control but the element of control can be denied by this
territorial reinforcement
- making the distinction between private and public property where owners will challenge intruders
maintenance
- if a property is well looked after it will give the impression that its cared for and even minor changes would be notices
- link to broken windows theoryr
target hardening
- make a building harder to force entry into
eg of a CPTED tactic
gated lanes:
locked gates installed to prevent offenders gaining access to alleyways such as those at the end of many older terraced houses
- mainly used to prevent burglaries but also stops fluy tipping or anti social behaviour etc
gated lanes limitations
- don’t work against criminals that live within the gated area
- not all neighbourhoods know or trust each other so are less likely to get together to install gates or take responsibility for them
other examples of CPTED
- reinforced glass
- locks
- shutters
indefensible spaces
- cant be defended from crime
- no one takes responsibility for them, no one owns them, no one really wants to be there, no one observes themin
indefensible spaces examples
- alleyways
- public car parks
- stairwells
- lifts
defensible spaces
- owned
- observed
- lots to people around to take responsibility for what happens there
examples of defensible spaces
- public parks (in the day)
- offices
- shopping centres
- houses in cul-de-sacs
what are behavioural tactics
tactics from agencies of social control that aims to actively change the behaviour of offenders to stop them offending
examples of behavioural tactics
- token economies
- CBO’s and ASBO’s
what are token economies
a reward system used within prisons to encourage good behaviour from offenders, by giving them tokens that they can then exchange for something they’d like
what prisoners have to do to earn tokens
- follow rules
- staying clean from drugs
- keeping cells clean
- no fighting or intimidation
- seek a job
what is needed for token economies to work
- clear definition of what constitutes good behaviour
- cant be deprivation of basic needs- tokens shouldn’t be used to cover basic human rights eg food, clothing and bedding
what do CBO and ASBO stand for
- CBO- criminal behaviour order
- ASBO- antisocial behaviour order
what is a CBO
a court order that aims to stop persistent anti social behaviour eg vandalism, loitering, drunk and disorderly
what can a CBO include
- prohibitions from entering certain areas
- restrictions on contact with specific people
- requirements to attend rehab programmes
- curfews
who can CBO’s be issued to
adults and children over 10
logic behind CBO’s
by putting in place a non-criminal sanction leniency is being shown to encourage behavioural changes as opposed to making the offender marginalised and alienated by the CJS
what happens if a CBO is broken
it will resort in further prosecution- but a CBO itself doesn’t lead to a criminal record
what are institutional tactics
approaches taken by different institutions to maintain social control
how do these institutions control behaviour
- sanctions
- fear of punishment
- coercion
what is coercion
the threat or use of force to make someone do something they don’t want to do or not be able to do something they want to do
what is fear of punishment
members of the public being scared of the powers agencies/ institutions of the CJS have that can be used as punishments against them
police powers
coercive power- police can arrest offenders and use force
CPS powers
create fear of punishment through deciding charges for offenders
Court and Tribunal service and Judiciary powers
create fear of punishment as they can administer sentences, have coercive power through ability to hold people in contempt / on remand
HM prison service powers
Coercive power as prison officers can use force, prison life can be very dangerous and unpleasant which creates fear of punishment
national probation service powers
supervises and monitors offenders, they have coercive powers as they can threaten those on-license with being returned to prison, they can provide pre-sentencing reports for those who have reoffended which could create a fear of punishment.
examples of prison rules
- do not threaten other inmates
- do not prevent prison staff from doing their jobs
- do not cause damage to prison property
- do what prison staff tell you to do
examples of negative sanctions for rule breaking
- get a caution
- privileges taken way
- up to 84 days worth of money you could earn can be taken away
- cellular confinement
IEP’s (incentives and earned privileges)
- television
- own clothes
- spend more of your money
- more visits from friends and family
