Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PLANNING 5-8 > TOPIC 6 > Flashcards

TOPIC 6 Flashcards

1
Q

is the process of adapting the program to the unique features of the site.
•It contains proposed plans that are spatially organized on the site.

A

•Conceptual design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

– are shown on the concept plan.

A

Major program elements – and important existing conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

are often portrayed as arrows, and major uses or activity zones are portrayed as polygons, or bubbles.

A

Circulation pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

balances human needs (rather than human wants) with the carrying capacity of the natural and cultural environments. It minimizes environmental impacts, and it minimizes importation of goods and energy as well as the generation of waste.

A

Sustainable design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

• Design with nature
• Design with culture
• Design places for people

A

Context-Sensitive Design
Sustainable, context-responsive site planning has three fundamental percepts:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

demands consideration of a diverse set of physical attributes and regulatory constraints.

A

Responsiveness to site and contextual conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

•Sun and wind exposure
• Lot size and shape
• Location in relation to transportation systems
• Significant vegetation, topography, and other natural features
• Prominent vistas and views of natural or cultural landmarks
• Building scale and character

A

These location-specific conditions include the following:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  1. Site Topography
  2. Hydrology Study
  3. Soil Investigation
A

Planning for Site Utilities
From site inventory:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Spatial variation in elevation produces slopes that have both a gradient and an orientation.

A

Site topography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

must be relatively low to prevent slipping on icy surfaces.

A

Gradients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

would require appropriate soil protection depending on the extent of development goals.

A

Steep slopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Retaining Walls
Gabions
Geotextile

A

Types of Soil Protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

is a structure built for the purpose of holding back, or retaining or providing one-side lateral confinement of soil or other loose materials.

A

retaining wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Types of Retaining Walls

  • used for walls of up to about 10-12ft in height.
  • It is usually constructed with plain concrete and depends completely on its own weight for stability against sliding and overturning.
  • It is usually so massive that it is unreinforced.
  • Tensile stresses calculated by the working-stress
    method are usually kept below 1.6 𝑓 ′ 𝑐.
A

a. Gravity Retaining wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • fall between the gravity and cantilever types.
  • they depend on their own weights plus the weight of some soil behind the wall to provide stability.
    -are used for approximately the same range of heights as the gravity walls and usually have some light reinforcement.
A

b. Semi-gravity Retaining Walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

are synthetic fabrics with physical and engineering properties that are used to enhance soil properties or to improve structural performance.
are a subset of geosynthetics

A

Geotextiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

: plastic nets or grids used for soil reinforcement.

A
  • geogrids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

impervious rubber or plastic sheets used for water or vapor barriers.

A
  • geomembranes:
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

a combination of a fabric, grid, or membrane

A
  • geocomposites:
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

geotextiles will prevent two soil layers of different particle sizes from mixing with each other, as is illustrated the image below.

A
  1. Separation –
21
Q

efficiently collect superfluous water from structures, such as rainwater or surplus water, from the soil and discharge it.

A
  1. Drainage –
22
Q

ideal interface for reverse filtration in the soil adjacent to the geotextile. The complex needle-punched structure of the geotextile enables the retention of fine particles without reducing the permeability of the drain.

A
  1. Filtration –
23
Q

heavy geotextiles can be used to reinforce earth structures by means of fill materials. Its high soil fabric friction coefficient and high tensile strength is an ideal reinforcement solution.

A
  1. Reinforcement –
24
Q

geotextiles are an ideal protection from erosion. A layer of geotextiles can be placed to prevent leaching of fine material. They can be used for rock beaching or as mattress structures. They can even easily be placed under water.

A
  1. Protection –
25
Q

is a geosynthetic material, made of polymers, that is used to reinforce soil behind retaining walls. Installed in horizontal layers between wall courses and extending into the soil behind a wall, geogrid stabilizes the soil and so increases a wall system’s mass and stability

A

Geogrid

26
Q

• Understanding the potential impact of floodwater on a site is crucial to any developer looking to invest
in a building scheme or any planner, engineer or architect acting as an adviser to such development.

A

HYDROLOGICAL STUDY

27
Q

is carried out to quantify the flow or volume of water in a river or stream, over land, in soils, in a pond or in a reservoir

A

Hydrological assessment

28
Q
  • delineate catchment and identify critical waterways.
  • recommend size of detention basin (if required).
  • provide sizing for the drainage mains (drainage trunk)
A

b. Delineate Channels and Waterways

29
Q
  • evaluate capacity of road side drainage to receive flow.
  • proposed size of drainage.
A

c. Evaluate the capacity of existing drainage

30
Q

drainage mains (layout and sizes)
- detention pond or lagoon
- recommend finish grade elevations

A

d. Recommend Flood Control System

31
Q

• Site planning requires an understanding of ____ and how they affect hydrology, construction, erosion control, and plant growth.
•____ affects the design of stormwater management facilities.
• ____ engineering properties can greatly affect grading activities, depending on physical parameters such as texture, gradation, and water content.
• ____ also serves as a foundation material, providing support for buildings and other structures.

A

3.) SOIL INVESTIGATION

32
Q
  • excavation for utilities, cut and fill, grading, soil protection, landscaping.
  • where retaining walls are necessary, their design will be based on the engineering properties of the soil and on the presence or absence of additional groundwater or pore water pressures.
  • fill operations, including the method of soil placement and the type of compaction equipment, are specified according to the soil types to be handled.
  • soil conditions are also evaluated in determining the need for bracing or shoring of temporary excavations. Implications of soils for Site Construction
A

a. Earthworks

33
Q
  • the weight of building or structure is supported by the soil beneath.
  • the design of a footing depends on the applied load and the nature of the underlying soil.
  • type of foundation (shallow or deep) are determined by the soil properties.
A

b. Footings and Foundations

34
Q
  • the relationship between water and soil needs to be understood for the management of site drainage to be successful (including both surface and subsurface water).
A

c. Drainage Requirements

35
Q

: non-cohesive soils tend to be more erodible, more permeable, and easier to drain.

A

sandy

36
Q

: soils tend to be more erosion resistant, less permeable, and more difficult to drain.

A
  • clayey
37
Q

: that are composed of layers of both coarse-and fine grained soils may present complex conditions that need to be evaluated in site design.

A

satisfied soils

38
Q

Geotechnical Exploration and Soil Investigation
- by generally identifying the portions of a site that are suitable or unsuitable for development, the planner can prepare a conceptual site plan.

A

a. Land Use Feasibility

39
Q

geotechnical explorations are conducted to identify subsurface conditions and to gather samples for laboratory testing when the structural designer needs data.

A

b. Site Specific Investigations -

40
Q
  • critical conditions may include features unique to a particular region, such as acid soils, limestone sinkholes, perched groundwater tables, peat deposits, or organic soil deposits.
A

c. Critical Conditions

41
Q

from the geotechnical or engineering viewpoint, soil may be defined as an accumulation of solid particles generated from the physical and chemical weathering of parent rock. - soil, therefore, contains three phases: solids, water, and air.

A

a. Soil Phases -

42
Q
  • these properties can include particle size, shape, and mineralogy, along with structure, texture, color, organic matter content, pH, and others. - physical properties such as density, moisture content, and specific gravity provide useful information to geotechnical experts and reveal how the soil will behave or perform as a construction material.
A

b. . Physical Properties

43
Q

Soil Classification
first developed to describe soils for agricultural purposes. - textural designations are based on three major particle size groups: sand, stilt, and clay.

A

a. USDA Textural Classification System -

44
Q
  • classification systems generally describe soil particles as cobble, gravel, sand, stilt, and clay, based on size.
A

b. Grain Size

45
Q

the USCS distinguishes soils based on their engineering performance as a construction material, and it considers texture, gradation, plasticity, and organic matter content.

A

c. USCS (ASTM D-2487) -

46
Q

-is defined as what
a soil is able to support per unit area.
- if the ___of an existing soil cannot support the proposed load or structure, the soil must be moved and replaced with a suitable material or other engineering measures must be taken.

A

a. Bearing Capacity

47
Q

-determines the stability of a soil and its ability to resist failure under loading.
- is the result of internal friction and cohesion.
- internal friction is the resistance to sliding between soil particles, and cohesion is the mutual attraction
between particles due to moisture content and molecular forces.

A

b. Shear Strength

48
Q
  • in northern climates, silty soils and soils with a wide, fairly evenly distributed range of particle sizes, referred to as well-graded soils, are subject to frost action.
  • damage to structures and roads due to frost action is caused by the movement of soil as it freezes and the loss bearing capacity as it thaws.
A

c. Frost Penetration

49
Q

– clay soils and soils containing clayey fines tend to shrink as they dry and expand as moisture content increases.
- the degree of volume change will depend on the mineralogy of the clay particles and the degree of moisture change.
- highly plastic clays with very fine, or colloidal, particles that exhibit significant volume change are termed expansive clays.

A

b. Shrinkage and Swell

PLANNING 5-8 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions