Topic 5c - Animal and Plant Hormones Flashcards
What are the 2 types of contraceptive methods?
- Hormonal
- Non-hormonal
What kind of contraceptives are oral contraceptives/ the pill?
Hormonal
How do oral contraceptives/ the pill work?
Pill taken which contains hormones to inhibit FSB so that an egg does not mature.
What are the pros of oral contraceptives/ the pill? (4)
- Easily self-administrated.
- Short-term effects.
- Can easily be reversed.
- Very reliable.
What are the cons of oral contraceptives/ the pill? (3)
- May have mild side effects associated.
- Could lead to pregnancy if missed.
- Does not protect from STIs.
What type of contraceptive are injections, implants or skin patches?
Hormonal
How do injections, implants or skin patches work?
Contains progesterone which is slowly released to inhibit the release of eggs for months or even years.
What are the pros of injections, implants or skin patches? (3)
- Administrated through routine appointment at GP surgery.
- Requires little to no aftercare or maintenance.
- Very reliable.
What are the cons of injections, implants or skin patches? (2)
- May take some time for effects to be reversed once removed.
- Does not protect from STIs.
What kind of contraceptives are condoms/diaphragms?
Non-hormonal
How do condoms/diaphragms work?
Creates a physical barrier to prevent the sperm from reaching the egg.
What are the pros of condoms/diaphragms? (4)
- Easy to use.
- Short-term effects.
- Very reliable.
- Provides protection from most STIs.
What are the cons of condoms/diaphragms? (1)
- Can fail.
What kind of contraceptive are intrauterine devices/ the coil?
Hormonal
How does intrauterine devices/ the coil work?
The device is attached to the lining of the uterus and releases hormones or prevents the implantation of an embryo.
What are the pros of intrauterine devices/ the coil? (2)
- Requires little to no aftercare or maintenance.
- Very reliable.
What are the cons of intrauterine devices/ the coil? (2)
- May take some time for effects to be reversed once removed.
- Does not protect from STIs.
What kind of contraceptive are spermicidal agents?
Non-hormonal
How do spermicidal agents work?
Contains chemicals to kill or immobilise sperm cells.
What are the pros of spermicidal agents? (2)
- Easy to use.
- Short-term effects.
What are the cons of spermicidal agents? (2)
- Does not protect from STIs.
- Less effective when used as the only method.
What kind of contraceptive is abstaining from intercourse around the time of ovulation?
Non-hormonal
How does abstaining from intercourse around the time of ovulation work?
Avoiding sexual intercourse when there is a likelihood of an egg being present in the oviduct.
What are the pros of abstaining from intercourse around the time of ovulation? (1)
- Inexpensive.
What are the cons of abstaining from intercourse around the time of ovulation? (1)
- Not always reliable.
What kind of contraceptive is surgery?
Non-hormonal
How does surgery work as a form of contraceptive? (3)
- A surgical procedure carried out in men or women.
- In males, the vas deferens tubes are sealed or blocked to prevent the passage of sperm from the testes.
- In females, the fallopian tubes/oviducts are sealed or blocked to prevent the passage of the egg from the ovaries.
What are the cons of surgery as a form of contraception? (3)
- Risks associated with surgery (such as infection).
- Difficult to reverse, if at all possible.
- Can take several months to be reliable
What do reproductive hormones cause during puberty?
During puberty reproductive hormones cause secondary sex characteristics to develop.
What are the secondary sexual characteristics of puberty for boys only? (4)
- Voice breaks
- Hair grown on face and body
- Body becomes more muscular
- Testes start to produce sperm cells
What is the main male reproductive hormone?
Testosterone => produced by testes, and stimulates sperm production.
What are the secondary sexual characteristics of puberty for girls only? (4)
- Voice deepens gradually
- Hips get wider
- Breasts develop
- Ovaries start to release egg cells => menstruation starts
What is the main female reproductive hormone?
Oestrogen => produced by ovaries.
What are the secondary sexual characteristics of puberty for girls and boys? (3)
- Pubic hair grows
- Underarm hair grows
- Sexual organs grow and develop
What is FSH?
Follicle stimulating hormone
What is LH?
Lutenising hormone
What is Oestrogen?
A steroid hormone