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Biology 4663: Advanced Elasmobranch Studies > Topic 5: Why Sharks attack? > Flashcards

Topic 5: Why Sharks attack? Flashcards

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1
Q

What negative event tends to happen after a human is “attacked”(encountered) by a shark?

A
  • a culling of sharks
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2
Q

Why is calling it shark attack potentially bad? Alternative?

A
  • because it places a negative stigma on sharks
  • shark encounter ?
    L> incident ?
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3
Q

Media Impacts:

- The effect media (news, movies etc) has on the population’s view of shark attacks has generally been?

A

-negative

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4
Q

Media Impacts:

- ____ theory and the effects of _____ syndrome explains how the media does what?

A
  • cultivation
  • mean world
  • how the media affects a [erson’s view of the world
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5
Q

Media Impacts:

- Cultivation Theory ?

A
  • is a social theory which examines the long term effects of television
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6
Q

Media Impacts:

- Cultivation Theory: The primary proposition of the cultivation theory states??

A
  • that the more time people spend living in the television world, the more likely they are to believe social reality portrayed on television
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7
Q

Media Impacts:
- Cultivation Theory
L> cultivation leaves people with?

A
  • a misconception of what is true in our world
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8
Q

Media Impacts:

- Mean world syndrome?

A
  • a term coined by George Gerbner to describe a phenomenon whereby violence related content of mass media makes viewers believe that the world is more dangerous than it actually is.
    • mean world syndrome is one of the main conclusions of cultivation theory.
      ex: think of the african killer bee’s…mass hysteria
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9
Q

ISAF stands for what?

A
  • The International Shark Attack Files
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10
Q

The International Shark Attack Files (ISAF):

- It is the longest running database on?

A
  • shark attacks, has a long term scientifically documented database containing information on all known shark attacks and is the only globally comprehensive, scientific shark attack database in the world.
  • **all the diagrams in this topic are from it!
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11
Q

The International Shark Attack Files (ISAF):

- World wide about __-___ shark attacks annually. Most recent was on ____ in ____. Results in about _-__ deaths.

A
  • 70 to 100
  • Feb. 2014, Austrailia
  • 5-15 deaths (most attacks are done by small sharks)
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12
Q

The International Shark Attack Files (ISAF):

- Are all attacks reported?

A
  • nope

L> tourism reasons…

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13
Q

The International Shark Attack Files (ISAF):

- Are attacks increasing?

A
  • attacks going up each decade

L> more people in the water may be why! (more recreational)

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14
Q

Unprovoked shark attack trends worldwide(N=2238): Y= number of attacks, X= decade.
L> explain the graph

A
  • attacks are going up over time.. as stated are there more people in the water or just more reporting going on?
  • *more people traveling
    • increased recreational water based activities
  • larger populations
  • *1900s-2000s
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15
Q

Worldwide unprovoked shark attacks and rate of fatality 1900-2009: Y= number of unprovoked shark attacks, percent fatal
X= decade
- Explain it!

A
  • while increased incidents, fatalities decreased
  • probably due to better medical aid over time
  • reflective of how many sharks we have culled
    L> aka not as many sharks left in the water as there use to be!
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16
Q

Unprovoked shark attacks in the world and USA 1960-2013 (N=2074):

  • Y=number of attacks
  • X= time…1960-2013 (USA attacks vs Other countries)
  • *Explain it!
A
  • Australia and South America and other countries are higher than the USA in attacks
  • ** in general attacks have increased in all countries over time.
  • ** might be due to the fact that popularity of water activity has increased!
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17
Q 
Australia Graph(N=412):  x= years (1900-2009) y=number of attacks 0-140 
- explain it! ( population, all attacks, fatalities)
A
  • population has been increasing over time (linear)
  • attacks have increased overtime
  • fatalities have fluctuated over time but in general they have remained low/decreased
    • big increase in number of attacks …especially surfing in seal zones
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18
Q 
Florida Graph(N= 609): x= years (1900-2009) y= number of attacks (0-300) 
- explain it! (population, all attacks, fatalities)
A
  • shark attacks remained extremely low until 1950-59 where they started to increase
  • fatalities have remained extremely low
  • population has been increasing!
  • *more ppl in water than beach….
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19
Q

Hawaii (N=97) : x= years (1900-2009) y= number of attacks (0-40)
- explain it! (population, all attacks, fatalities)

A
  • all attacks did not really begin to increase until 1950-59 and continued over time.
  • population increased over time!
  • fatalities increased in 1950-59 but stopped….
    L> increased again in 1990-99 but decreased in 2000-2009.
    ** tiger sharks mostly….same low attacks
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20
Q

Attacks can be categories into two areas which are what?

A
  • Provoked (Ex: grabbing their tail..holding on to it when it is trying to get away…trying to take a hook out)
  • Unprovoked (basically no idea why the shark attacked…dominance?….may not be unprovoked in the sharks mind)
    L> however, there may have been a reason, just unknown
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21
Q

Increase in shark attacks is based on ?

A

population growth

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22
Q

Explain what a provoked attack is?

A
  • human initiates contact ( 53 incidents in 2013)

* *multiple causes

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23
Q

What are the three major types of unprovoked (natural environment without provocation) shark attacks?

A
  1. Hit and run
  2. Bump and bite
  3. Sneak
    * * usually fatalities are due to hit and run or sneak attacks!
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24
Q

Hit and Run attacks:

  • Occur where?
  • Do people usually see the shark?
  • Does the shark return after the attack?
  • What are reasons for mistaken identity?
A
  • in surf zone ( swimmers, surfers)
  • seldom see the shark (visibility is usually an issue)
  • shark does not return
  • Mistaken Identity:
    L> poor visibility
    L> breaking surf
    L> social behaviours by sharks ( dominance)
    L>contrasting colours sharks can pick up
    **big issue in Florida!
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25
Q

Bump and Bite/Sneak:

  • whats the injury state?
  • who tends to be of greater risk?
  • bump and bite usually has sharks ___ and ___ prior to attack
  • Sneak occurs without??
  • What is extremely common with these types of attacks vs Hit and run?
  • This could be a form of ___ or ___ behaviour.
  • tend to involve bigger or smaller sharks?
A
  • greater injury and most fatalities
  • divers or swimmers in deeper water
  • bump and bite usually has shark circling and bumping prior to attack
  • sneak occurs without warning
  • repeated attacks not uncommon
    L> focuses on the initial individual but not the others that are around it or trying to help! Tunnel vision sort of! full feeding behaviour
  • feeding or antagonistic behaviour
    **tend to involve bigger sharks
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26
Q

Positive identification of attacking sharks is very difficult or easy?

A
  • very difficult since victims rarely make adequate observations of the attacker during the “heat” of the interaction.
    ** when being attacked the last thing on your mind is what is attacking you! It’s am I going to die…
    L> after the fact people have a desire to know!
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27
Q

Tooth remains are seldom or frequently found in wounds?

A
  • they are seldom found in wounds!
  • and diagnostic characters for man requiem sharks ( family Carcharhinidae) are difficult to discern even by trained professionals.
    • all seem fairly similar!
    • small wounds = small spa or juvenile shark!
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28
Q

What are the big three sharks that are responsible for Bump and Bite/Sneak attacks?

A
  • white, tiger shark and bull shark!
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29
Q

What are the rest of the sharks that are responsible for Bump and Bite/Sneak attacks?

A
  • Great hammerhead
  • shortfin mako
  • oceanic whitetip
  • caribbean reef
  • galapagos
    **fairly big sharks are veracious
    ** Caribbean reef shark you would have to provoke it or something must be wrong with it to attack…they circle and as it gets tiger it is closing in on you!
    L> also if it is hooting at you fast= loo out
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30
Q

What are the main sharks involved in hit and run attacks?

L> attacks in florida?

A
  • Blacktip
  • Spinner
  • Blacknose
    • a lot of sharks get blamed for these like hammerheads…
  • based on 20-30 attacks in florida each year
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31
Q

Hit and Run:
- A number of ___ sharks in the genus _____ likely are involved in many more attacks than they are credited in this list and, if the list could reflect that reality, ___ bites would push such species as the ___, ___ and ___ towards the bottom of the list.

A
  • Requiem
  • Carcharhinus
  • Carcharhinus
  • sandtiger
  • hammerhead
  • nurse shark
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32
Q

Rank countries in order of most attacks!

A
  • Continental USA (1055)
  • Australia (520)
  • Africa (339)
  • Asia and Hawaii (129)
  • Pacifica Islands and Oceanic (126)
  • South America (117)
  • Antillas and Bahamas (70)
  • Middle America (57)
  • Europe and New Zealand (49)
  • Reunion Island (33)
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33
Q

Where in the US are the most attacks?

A

Florida and Hawaii !

L> California and SA are next on the list

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34
Q 
Graph: Victim's Activity During Unprovoked Shark Attacks Worldwide 1900-2009 (N= 1826)
- y= number of attacks 
- x=decade 
L> Explain the graph! 
activity: Surface recreationists
swimmers and bathers
divers
entering or existing water
A
  • from 1900 to 1950-1959 swimmers and bathers were attacked in higher numbers BUT it continued to increase and was the second highest in attacks of the rest here.
  • 1960-2009 = huge increase in surface recreationists activity getting attacked
  • divers being attacked fluctuate from 1950-2009 but not in a high number at all
  • entering or exiting the water and being attacked the numbers are extremely low (highest at 2000-2009)
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35
Q

Graph: Shark Attacks on Surface Recreationists Worldwide 1900-2009 (N=807)

  • y= number of attacks
  • decades
A 
- attacks increased over time 
2000-2009 = highest numbers: 318 attacks 
- 1990-1999: 217 
- 1980-1989: 126
- 1970-1979: 46 
- 1960-1969: 31
- 1950-1959: 8 
- 1940-1949: 3
- 1930-1939: 0
- 1920-1929: 1
- 1910-1919: 3
- 1900-1909: 0
**indicates more people surfing etc...
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36
Q

Shark attacks on Divers Worldwide 1900-2009(N= 164)

  • y= number of attacks
  • x= decades
  • *explain it
A
  • fluctuated over time but in general it has increased!

- 2000-2009 = highest number of attacks (53)

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37
Q

Shark Attacks on swimmers and bathers worldwide 1900-2009 (N=795):

  • y=number of attacks
  • x= decade
  • explain it
A
  • general increase over time in attacks minus a decline that is seen in 1970-89 period
  • 2000-2009 = highest attacks! 183
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38
Q

Shark Attacks on victim upon entering or exiting the water 1900-2009(N=60):
- y= number of attacks
- x= decade
explain??

A
  • it fluctuates over time
  • highest attacks = 11 in 2000-2009
    L> general decline prior to this point
    -1950-59 = second highest for attacks at 10
    -L> general increase up to this period
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39
Q

Florida Shark Attacks:

  • ___ total attacks
  • ___ fatal, last fatality was in ___.
  • What area has the highest risk of attack?
A
  • 687
  • 11
  • 2011
  • Volusia (257 attacks)
40
Q

Florida Shark attack by months

L> what month had the most attacks?

A
  • september (103)
  • August (84)
  • July (73)
  • October (72)
  • April (62)
  • June (61)
    -November (44)
    -March (41)
  • February (14)
  • December (11)
  • January (5)
    **highest number of attacks are during warmer months…
    L> increased number of young sharks
41
Q

Florida Shark attacks:

  • Time of unprovoked shark attacks in florid 1926-2012 (N=493)
  • y= number of attacks
  • x= time of day
  • Explain the graph!
A
  • highest number of attacks are in the 11am-6pm range (greatest risk
42
Q

Florida Shark Attacks:
- Victim activity during unprovoked shark attacks in florida by decade (N=590)
- y= number of attacks
- x= decade (1900-2009)
L> activities: surface recreationist, swimmers and waders, divers and entering or exiting water.
**explain graph

A
  • sharks are attacking people more when they are participating in surface recreationist activity (highest in 2000-2009)
  • Swimmers and waders= second highest at risk
  • divers and people entering or existing water are least at risk!
  • *two main ones increased over time …the others fluctuated at low numbers!
    • entering or exiting water= highest risk level for it is right now 2000-2009…..highest risk for divers was in 1960-69
43
Q

Florida Shark Attacks:

  • Species involved with unprovoked shark attacks in florida (1920-2012) (N=97)
  • Explain the pie chart!
A

Blacktip+bull shark>spinner shark> hammerhead> Nurse shark> Sand tiger> Sand bar shark+ lemon shark + tiger shark> blue shark> mako shark

44
Q

California Attacks:

  • __attacks, __ fatalities, last one in ___.
  • ___ has the highest risk with _ attacks and _ fatalities.
A
  • 110
  • 10
  • 2012
  • San Diego
  • 17
  • 2
45
Q

California:

  • California Shark attacks by month 1926-2012 (N= 103)
  • y= number of attacks
  • x= month
  • Rank months highest to lowest risk
A
  • October = highest risk month
  • september
  • august
  • july
  • May + November
  • December + June
  • January + February
  • March
46
Q

California:

  • Time of unprovoked shark attacks in California 1926-2012 (N=79)
  • y= number of attacks
  • x= time of day
A
  • a lull in the peak seen in florida! (surfers)
  • highest risk time= 10:00am- 10:59am and 4-4:49pm
  • 12-12:59pm= second highest risk
  • waves are usually big early morning….
47
Q

California:

- Species involved with unprovoked shark attacks in California 1950-2012 (N=82)??

A
  • White sharks = 97%
  • Blue shark (1%)
  • Leopard shark (1%)
  • Mako(1%)
48
Q

California:

  • Victim activity during unprovoked shark attacks in California by decade 1920-2009 (N=94):
  • y=number of attacks
  • x= decade
A
  • surface recreationist > swimmers and waders> divers> entering or exiting water
    • risk rank!
  • highest level of risk - surface recreationist in 2000-2009
  • ** divers increased over time up to 1999
  • ** swimmers and waders fluctuated over time ( highest in 1959
49
Q

Great White Shark Attacks:

-how many known great white shark attacks?

A
  • 7
    L> not including attacks that they are not sure what the culprit is.
    -** the number could be higher because they are unsure if the bites were done post-mortem or pre…was it the shark that killed them?
50
Q

Great White Shark Attacks:

= The rise in attacks relates to?

A
  • increased in grey seal population!
    • the number could be higher because they are unsure if the bites were done post-mortem or pre…was it the shark that killed them?
51
Q

White Shark Attacks:

  • Unprovoked White Shark Attacks and percent fatal 1900-2009 (N= 248)
  • y= number of attacks and percent fatal
  • x= decade
  • explain graph
A
  • attacks increased over time… peaking at 65 in 2000-2009
  • percent fatality has decreased over time quite dramatically
    L> it rised from 1910-1929 and plateaued until 1939
52
Q

White Shark Attacks:

- Age of white shark victims 1876-2012 (N=228)

A
  • 43%= 20’s (surfers etc) highest risk
  • 23%= 10’s highest risk
  • 18%= 30’s highest risk
  • 11%= 40’s
    -4%= 50’s
    1%= 60’s and 70’s
53
Q

White Shark Attacks:

- Gender of White shark attack victims 1879-2012 (N= 270)

A
  • 93%= male
  • 7%= female
  • *most surfers= males….
54
Q

White Shark Attacks:

- Length of white sharks involved in unprovoked attacks 1580-2012(N=198)

A
  • 48%= 10-14.9ft
  • 24%= 5-9.9ft
  • 23%= 15-19.9ft
  • 4%= 20-24.9ft
  • 1%= 0-4.9ft
  • ** 10-14ft long= not very old sharks are involved in attack…middle of transition from feeding on fish to marine mammals (exploratory?)
55
Q

White Shark Attacks:

-Race of white shark attack victims 1879-2012(N=207)

A
  • 77%= caucasian (surfing culture/water sports)
  • 18% = other/unknown
  • 2% each for oriental and negroid
  • 1%= polynesian
  • *these are only reported attacks…what about unreported ones!
56
Q

White Shark Attacks:

  • Time of unprovoked white shark attacks 1916-2012 (N=200)
  • x= time of day
  • y= number of attacks
  • explain
A
  • early morning = increase until lunch
    -why is there a dip around lunch?
    L> population in water is higher in afternoon
    ***6-7pm = vision decreases because of visibility…risk of mistaken identity
    ** 2-4pm = highest attacks
57
Q

White Shark Attacks:

- Water temperature during unprovoked white shark attacks 1922-2012 (N=63)

A
  • highest attacks = 15-19.9 C
  • 20-24.9 C
  • 10-14.9 C
  • 25-29.9C
  • 5-9.9 C
  • **based on human preference??? wait until water is warmer to go swimming….white sharks do not really like higher temperatures therefore attacks tend to happen in cooler water!
58
Q

White Shark Attacks:

- Unprovoked white shake attack depths 1907-2012 (N= 240)

A
  • highest risk = 0-5 ft –> basically they are following the wave in….BUT it is easier for people to get to shore…so this could be good for victims?
    • the rest are extremely low!
  • 6-10
  • 11-20
  • 31-40
  • 21-30
59
Q

Profile of Attacks on Divers:

  • __ attacks
  • ___ leads with __%, ___ with __%
A
  • 218
  • Australia
  • 32%
  • US
  • 24%
  • *underwater activity……recreation diving makes ups huge part of diving!
60
Q

Profile of Attacks on Divers:

-Outcome of unprovoked shark attacks on divers 1802-2012

A
  • 81%: non-fatal

- 19%: fatal

61
Q

Profile of Attacks on Divers:

- Diving activity of unprovoked shark attack victims 1802-2012

A
  • SCUBA diving: 41%
  • Diving ( no details): 27%
  • Free Diving: 25%
  • Hookah diving: 3%
  • Pearl diving: 2%
  • Hard hat diving: 2%
  • spearfishing 1%
62
Q

Unprovoked shark attacks on divers and percent fatal 1900-2009 (N=197)
x= decade
y= number of attacks and percent fatal

A

-highest risk was in 1960s
- 2nd: 1990s
- 3rd: 2000s
-4th: 1980s
-5th:1970s
-6th: 1950s
- 7th: 1920s
-8th: 1900s
- 9th: 1940s
- 10th: 1910s
** fatalities spiked in 1920 (highest)
L> decreased until 1980…but then it spiked a bit (not as high as before) and then it decreased quite a bit
** could be due to better medical procedures

63
Q

Gender of divers involved in unprovoked shark attacks prior to 1990 (N=124)

A
  • males 99%

- females 1%

64
Q

Gender of divers involved in unprovoked shark attacks 1990-2012 (N=80)

A
  • 90% male

- 10% female

65
Q 
Attacks on divers: 
- Activities of others in the area of unprovoked attacks on divers 1820-2012 (N= 125 of at least one of the activities going on; individuals may be represented in more than one category) 
Attack numbers for these activities:
L> Diving
L> Normal bathing/swimming
L> Wading 
L> Surfing 
L> Boating 
L> being unusually loud 
L> Thrashing or flailing
A
  • 99
  • 11
  • 7
  • 4
  • 3
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • *diving has the highest risk of attack vs anything else
66
Q

Attacks on divers:

- Divers’ time in water prior to unprovoked shark attacks 1938-2012 (N=45)

A
  • 40%: less than one hour
  • 36%: within a couple of minutes
  • 13%: within 15 mins
  • 9%: over an hour
  • 2%: immediately upon entry
    • the way we swim is the same vibrations as an injured fish..gives off….dinner bell ring ring ring
67
Q

Activities of divers struck less than an hour after entering water 1938-2012(N=42)

  • SCUBA Diving
  • Diving (no details)
  • Free diving
  • Hookah diving
  • pearl diving
  • spearfishing
A
  • 57%
  • 7%
  • 26%
  • 5%
  • 3%
  • 2%
68
Q

Activities of divers struck more than an hour after entering water 1966-2012(N=4)??

  • SCUBA diving
  • Free diving
A
  • 75%

- 25%

69
Q

Time of unprovoked shark attacks on divers 1936-2012(N=109)

  • y= number of attacks
  • time (24 hour clock)
A
  • most attacks occur in the morning
  • then afternoon and evening are tied
  • **morning group: highest risk …sharks vision decreases as the sun goes
70
Q

Unprovoked shark attacks on divers by day of the week 1925-2012(N=153)

A
  • most attacks are on sunday
  • saturday
  • Wednesday and Thursday
  • Monday
  • Tuesday
  • Friday
71
Q

Divers’ clothing during unprovoked shark attacks (N=37) ?

A
  • Full wet suit: 68%
  • Swim suit: 27%
  • Shorty wetsuit : 5%
72
Q

Special features of divers’ coshing during unprovoked shark attacks (N=47)

A
  • non-reported 36%
  • highly contrasting colours : 30%
  • shiny patterns: 17%
  • very bright colours : 13%
  • other : 4%
73
Q

Clothing pattern worn by divers during unprovoked shark attacks (N=45)

A
  • no pattern : 80%
    = striped: 11%
  • other pattern: 9%
74
Q

Primary colours worn by divers during unprovoked shark attacks (N=67)

A
  • 64%: black/grey/slate
  • 16%: blue/aqua/turquoise
  • 6%: white/silver/ talc
  • 5%: red/pink/rose/magenta/coral/ maroon
  • 3%: brown/tan/buff/rust/sienna/cocoa/beige
  • 4%: green/olive/teal/lime/avocado
  • 2%: yellow/gold/khaki/lemon
75
Q

People near shark attacks on divers (N=139)

  • y= number of attacks
  • x: <10ft(none, one, more than one), 10-50ft (none, 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-20 and several) and general area(yes or no)..
A 
-none= highest number of attacks 
L> one: second highest
L> more than one: third 
- 10-50ft:
L> none: highest 
L> 1-5: 2nd
L> 6-10, 16-20, several: tied for third 
L> 11-15: none 
- General area: 
L> Yes: highest number of attacks when people are in the general area 
L> no: second highest 
**what were people doing in the area around the divers?....do not swim alone!!! isolation= highest risk...shallow waters
76
Q

Non-human presence in vicinity of shark attacks on divers (N=144, cases may be represented in more than one category)
L> y= number of attacks
L> x= item or animal (absent or present)

A
  • boats are present the most
  • pets are absent the most
  • seals are absent the second most
  • surfboards are absent the third most
  • porpoise are absent the fourth most
  • fish (half present and half absent?)
77
Q

Possible attractants in vicinity of shark attacks on divers (N=205, cases may be represented in more than one category)
y= number of attacks
x= attractant

A
  • wounded fish(3rd highest attacks when absent(highest when present))
  • garbage (2nd highest attacks when absent)
  • sewage (fourth highest when absent)
  • victims blood(fifth highest when absent)
  • other human blood (highest attacks when absent…)
78
Q

Diversionary action taken by divers involved with shark attacks.

A
  • struck(n=32)<–most effective
  • *see graph honestly this is confusing
    • does not explain the data well
79
Q

Diversionary action taken by divers involved with shark attacks.
- hitting the shark is?

A
  • the most effective at scaring off it but depends on species, intent or size.
80
Q

Diversionary action taken by divers involved with shark attacks.
- kicking only works with?

A
  • with smaller sharks
81
Q

Diversionary action taken by divers involved with shark attacks.
-How do you tackle an it via aggression?

A
  • hold your ground…a lot of the time the shark veers away.
82
Q

Diversionary action taken by divers involved with shark attacks.
-Other??

A
  • got out of the water……
    • go to the bottom and stay there with your back to the reef! (ambush predator therefore can’t really effectively attack)
83
Q

Age of divers involved in unprovoked shark attacks 1929-2012 (N=123)
x= age
y= number of victims

A
  • highest= 25-29 and 30-34
  • 35-39
  • 20-24
  • 15-19
  • 40-44
  • 45-49
  • 10-14
  • 55-59
  • 60-64 and 55-59
84
Q

Weight of divers involved in unprovoked shark attacks 1954-2012(N=24)
x= weight in pounds
-y= number of attacks

A
  • 160-179pounds= highest attacks
  • 140-159= second
  • 100-119
  • <100, 120-139, 180-199
  • 200=219: none
    • larger people tend not to be attacked? maybe not in the water a lot…
  • *most divers weight about 140-179 pounds !
85
Q

Height of divers involved in unprovoked shake attacks 1962-2012(N=25)??
x= height(inches)
y= number of attacks

A
  • 70-74: highest number of attacks
  • 65-69: second
  • 50-64= tied for 1 attack each.
86
Q

Divers Body parts injured during shark attacks (N= 224, individuals may be represented in more than one category!)

A
  • Legs: 44%—> lower leg: 45%…thigh: 27%…feet= 24%…toe(s) = 4%
  • Arm: 31%–> arm= 56%….hand: 22%…shoulder: 14%…finger(s): 8%)
  • Torso: 23%—> abdomen: 27%, buttocks: 21%, chest: 20%; back: 14%; waist and genitals: 9% and 9%
  • Head: 2%
87
Q

See surface conditions during shark attacks on divers(N=71)

A
  • calm: 80%(also includes surf! higher risk on good days bc more people are in the water)
  • choppy: 11%
  • swells: 9%
    • higher vis increases attacks ….warm water temp: more attacks …bc more people in water but diving and surfing you are out in colder water.
88
Q

Water visibility during shark attacks on drivers (n=46)

  • y= percentage of attacks
  • x= visibility (ft)
A
  • highest number of attacks: 10-10 ft visibility
  • 0-9= second
  • 20-29= third
  • *main ones the rest are relatively small
89
Q

Water temperature during shark attacks on divers (N-520

  • Y= Number of attacks
  • X= water temp C
A
  • highest number of attacks were at 21C (most in other regions,2nd= florida, third= Australia)
  • second: 18C (most unprovoked….then Australia then florida)
  • Third: 26C( main = other region, second: florida, third: Australia)
90
Q

Water clarity during shark attacks on divers (N=87)

A
  • murky: 33%

- clear: 67%

91
Q

Number of close passes sharks made prior to attacks on divers (N= 67)

A
  • multiple: 46%(giving you lots of warning)
    =-single: 26%(assessing)
  • none: 28%(full blown attack and no warning)
92
Q

Number of discrete bites sharks inflicted on divers during attack (N=132)

A
  • other: 51%
  • none: 31%
  • several: 18%
93
Q

Nature of sharks’ first strike during attacks on divers (N=136)

A
  • violent: 73%
  • no direct contact: 15%
  • minimal turmoil : 11%
94
Q

Direction from which sharks attack divers

A
  • Below and front= 28% per each
  • behind and side= 20% per each
  • above: 4%
95
Q

Sharks behaviour prior to attack on divers (N=115)

A
  • 42%: shark not seen
  • 15%: straight away approach to victim
  • 13%: seen, but not well enough to evaluate behaviour
  • 9%:circling victim
  • 8%: swimming erratically
  • 7%:swimming normally
  • 5%: following victim closely
  • 1%: in position between victim and beach , reef etc.
96
Q

Shark behaviour after final strike on diver (N-109)

A
  • 36%: left area
  • 31%: not seen at all
  • 5%: remained attached, forcibly removed from victim
  • 4%:follow victim
  • 2%: remained attached, not for removed from victim
97
Q

Shark behaviour after initial strike on diver (N= 119)

A
  • 65%: released initial hold but did not bite victim again.
  • 20%: made multiple deliberate strikes
  • 9%: released initial hold and quickly bit victim again
  • 6%: frenzied behaviour

Biology 4663: Advanced Elasmobranch Studies (11 decks)

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