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Biology 4663: Advanced Elasmobranch Studies > Topic 2: Shark Taxonomy > Flashcards

Topic 2: Shark Taxonomy Flashcards

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1
Q

All sharks, skates and rays are classified into what class?

A
  • Chondrichthyes
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2
Q

Under the class Chondrichthyes what is the subclass that contains the sharks, skates and rays? Also what subclass contains chimaeras?

A
  1. Elasmobranchii 2. Holocephali
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3
Q

The Elasmobranchii are divided into three super-orders. What are they? Which one(s) pertain to the living?

A
  1. Cladoselachimorpha –> extinct 2. Euselachi –> living L> Sharks….8 orders ( >470 species) 3. Batoidea (Batoids) –> living L> skates and rays … 3 orders (+600 species)
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4
Q

What are the eight orders under the superclass Euselachi (Sharks) ? ( Animalia–> Chordata—-> Vertebrata—>Chondrichthyes—> Elasmobranchii—> Euselachi—->8??)

A
  1. Pristiophoriformes 2. Squatiniformes 3. Squaliformes 4. Hexanchiformes 5. Lamniformes 6. Carcharhiniformes 7. Orectolobiformes 8. Heterodontiformes
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5
Q

What is the common name for sharks that belong to the order Pristiophoriformes?

A

Saw sharks

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6
Q

What is the common name for sharks that belong to the order Squatiniformes ?

A

Angel sharks

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7
Q

What is the common name for sharks that belong to the order Squaliformes ?

A

Dogfish sharks

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8
Q

What is the common name for sharks that belong to the order Hexanchiformes ?

A

Sixgilled sharks (but can have 7)

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9
Q

What is the common name for sharks that belong to the order Lamniformes ??

A

Mackerel sharks

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10
Q

What is the common name for sharks that belong to the order Carcharhiniformes ??

A

Ground sharks

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11
Q

What is the common name for sharks that belong to the order Orectolobiformes ??

A

Carpet sharks

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12
Q

What is the common name for sharks that belong to the order Heterodontiformes ??

A

Bullhead sharks

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13
Q

What is the very first thing examined on a shark for classification?

A
  • presence or absence of anal fin!
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14
Q

Shark Classification: 1) A. If there is no anal fin? (3)

A
  1. Squatiniformes 2.Pristiophoriformes 3. Squaliformes
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15
Q

Shark Classification: 1) B. If there is an anal fin present? (5)

A
  1. Hexanchiformes 2. Lamniformes 3. Carcharhiniformes 4. Orectolobiformes 5. Heterodontiformes
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16
Q

Shark Classification: 2) (i)A. No anal fin present. Is it flattened and ray like, mouth terminal? (1)

A
  1. Squatiniformes- angel sharks
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17
Q

Shark Classification: 2) (i) B. No anal fin present. It’s not flat and ray like, mouth is ventral?(2)

A
  1. Snout is long and sawlike 2. Snout is short and not sawlike
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18
Q

Shark Classification: 2) (i) B. No anal fin present. It’s not flat and ray like, mouth is ventral? 1. Snout is long and saw like…??

A

Pristiophoriformes L> saw sharks L> have bar bells

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19
Q

Shark Classification: 2) (i) B.B. No anal fin present. It’s not flat and ray like, mouth is ventral? 2. Snout is short and not sawlike? (1)

A
  1. Squaliformes L> dogfish sharks
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20
Q

Shark Classification: 2) (ii) A. Anal fin is present….next question? (2)

A
  1. 6 or 7 gill slits and one dorsal fin 2. 5 gill slits and 2 dorsal fins
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21
Q

Shark Classification: 2) (ii) A. Anal fin is present L> 6 or 7 gill slits and on dorsal fin… what shark is it ?

A
  1. Hexanchiformes…..frilled sharks, six gill and seven gill sharks
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22
Q

Shark Classification: 2) (ii) A. Anal fin is present L> 5 gill slits and 2 dorsal fins L> next two questions??

A
  1. It has no dorsal fin spines? (common) 2. It has dorsal fin spines?
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23
Q

Shark Classification: 2) (ii) A. Anal fin is present L> 5 gill slits and 2 dorsal fins L> it has dorsal fin spines therefore what shark order??

A
  1. Heterodontiformes L> bullhead sharks …horn sharks
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24
Q

Shark Classification: 2) (ii) A. Anal fin is present L> 5 gill slits and 2 dorsal fins L> it has no dorsal fin spines…next two questions?

A
  1. The mouth is behind the eyes. 2. The mouth is well in front of the eyes.
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25
Q

Shark Classification: 2) (ii) A. Anal fin is present L> 5 gill slits and 2 dorsal fins L> it has no dorsal fin spines L> the mouth is well in front of the eyes…what order??

A
  1. Orectoloboformes L> carpet sharks
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26
Q

Shark Classification: 2) (ii) A. Anal fin is present L> 5 gill slits and 2 dorsal fins L> it has no dorsal fin spines L>The mouth is behind the eyes L>next two questions??

A
  1. It has a nictitating membrane and spiral intestinal valve 2. It does not have a nictitating membrane and it has a ring intestinal valve.
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27
Q

Shark Classification: 2) (ii) A. Anal fin is present L> 5 gill slits and 2 dorsal fins L> it has no dorsal fin spines L>The mouth is behind the eyes L> It has a nictitating membrane and spiral intestinal valve ** What order is this shark??

A
  1. Carcharhiniformes L> Ground sharks: reef sharks, hammerheads, blacktips …tiger sharks….blue sharks… **Having NM= protective lid for eye
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28
Q

Shark Classification: 2) (ii) A. Anal fin is present L> 5 gill slits and 2 dorsal fins L> it has no dorsal fin spines L>The mouth is behind the eyes L> It does not have a nictitating membrane and it has a ring intestinal valve. ** What order is this shark??

A
  1. Lamniformed L> mackerel sharks: sandtigers, makos, great whites, porbeagles, goblin shark, megamouth, basking shark.. *** not having a NM= eyes roll back…..
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29
Q

Do skates and rays have all the same organs as sharks?

A

YES they are just dorsoventrally flattened!

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30
Q

Animalia–> Chordata—-> Vertebrata—>Chondrichthyes—> Elasmobranchii–> Blastoidea (Skates and Rays)..What are the four orders?

A
  1. Rajiformes 2. Myliobatiformes 3. Torpediniformes 4. Pristiforms
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31
Q

What belongs to the order Rajuformes (Superorder:Bastoidea)??

A
  1. Skates
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32
Q

What belongs to the order Myliobatiformes (Superorder:Bastoidea)??(3)

A
  1. Stingrays 2. Eagle rays 3. Devil rays
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33
Q

What belongs to the order Torpediniformes (Superorder:Bastoidea)??

A
  1. Electric rays
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34
Q

What belongs to the order Pristiforms (Superorder:Bastoidea)??

A
  1. Sawfish
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35
Q

What are some basic characteristics of Rays that sets them apart from Skates?(5)

A
  1. No thorns (or buckles) along the midline of the back 2. Each pelvic fin has only one lobe 3. Tails is very slender and whip-like with a stinging spine midway along its length and usually without a dorsal fin. When a dorsal fin occurs, it is near the base of the tail. The caudal fin is either reduced and contiguous or absent. 4. Mature males do not have malar or alar spines 5. Give live birth …viviparous
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36
Q

What are some basic characteristics of Skates that sets them apart from Rays?(5)

A
  1. Most have enlarged thorns along the midline of the back extending onto the tail 2. Pelvic fins have tow lobes (bilobate) 3. Tail relatively stocky without a stinging barb and usually with two small dorsal fins near its tip. The caudal fin is tiny WHEN PRESENT. 4. Mature males have enlarged spines near the eyes ( malar spines) and pectoral wing tips ( alar spines) 5. Lay eggs….. oviparous
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37
Q

Skates ( Order Rajiformes): -> Describe pelvic fin situation

A
  • each pelvic fin is divided into two lobes
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38
Q

Skates ( Order Rajiformes): -> Describe tail(3)

A
  • stocky without spines - usually has two small dorsal fins near tip of tail and tiny caudal fin ( some lack both) - Bucklers (thorn like scales) along midline of back or tail
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39
Q

Skates ( Order Rajiformes): -> Describe the male situation

A
  • males have malar and alar spines (enlarged scales) near eyes and wingtips.
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40
Q

Skates ( Order Rajiformes): -> Oviparous or Viviparous?

A

-> Oviparous : lays eggs (oviparity)

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41
Q

Rays ( Order Myliobatiformes, Torpediniformes, Pristiformes): - pelvic fin??

A
  • each pelvic fin has one lobe
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42
Q

Rays ( Order Myliobatiformes, Torpediniformes, Pristiformes): - Describe the tail situation

A
  1. Tail is slender with stinging spine 2. Tail usually without a dorsal fin, reduced or absent caudal fin 3. No bucklers ( thorn like scales) along midline of back or tail.
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43
Q

Rays ( Order Myliobatiformes, Torpediniformes, Pristiformes): - Describe male situation

A
  • males lack malar and alar spines
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44
Q

Rays ( Order Myliobatiformes, Torpediniformes, Pristiformes): - Oviparous or ovoviviparous ?

A
  • ovoviviparous L> viviparous L> live birth BUT ovo=egg…therefore embryos develop in eggs but are retained in the mother until ready to hatch.
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45
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Have a ____ and ___ body and the mouth is ___. Order: Squantiniformes L> Angelsharks

A
  • flattened - raylike - terminal
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46
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squantiniformes L> Angelsharks: - ___ fishes with ___ backs.

A
  • raylike - mottled
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47
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squantiniformes L> Angelsharks: - length?

A

1.5m to 5ft

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48
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squantiniformes L> Angelsharks: - Describe fin situations

A
  • Two dorsal fins, no anal fins, large pectoral fins that reach over the gills.
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49
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squantiniformes L> Angelsharks: - teeth size situation?

A
  • mouth has small teeth
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50
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squantiniformes L> Angelsharks: - They are found on ___ zones to ____ feet.

A
  • intertidal - 4500
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51
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squantiniformes L> Angelsharks: - temperature of habitat?

A
  • cool temperature to tropical waters and in most seas except central pacific and indian ocean.
52
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squantiniformes L> Angelsharks: - how many species?

A
  • 13
53
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squantiniformes L> Angelsharks: - delivery of young method?

A
  • Ovoviviparous: hatch from eggs within body
54
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squantiniformes L> Angelsharks: - Animals current status (i.e. is it endangered, at risk, safe etc)?

A
  • endangered
55
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squantiniformes L> Angelsharks: - what type of predator are these?

A
  • ambush predators
56
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Not flat and ray like, mouth is ___. - snout is? - Order: Pristiophoriformes : Saw Sharks

A
  • ventral - snout is long and saw like
57
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order Pristiophoriformes L> Saw Sharks - number of species?

A

5

58
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order Pristiophoriformes L> Saw Sharks - delivery method of young?

A
  • ovoviviparous L> eggs hatch within body
59
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order Pristiophoriformes L> Saw Sharks - saw may be used for?

A

disabling prey

60
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order Pristiophoriformes L> Saw Sharks - fins situation?

A
  • two dorsal fins, no anal fin
61
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order Pristiophoriformes L> Saw Sharks - teeth situation?

A

small teeth on both jaws

62
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order Pristiophoriformes L> Saw Sharks - Bahama sawfish lives down to ___ feet.

A

3000

63
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order Pristiophoriformes L> Saw Sharks - length?

A
  • can grow up to 7m
64
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order Pristiophoriformes L> Saw Sharks - Has a ____ intestinal valve.

A

spiral

65
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order Pristiophoriformes L> Saw Sharks - Temperature of habitat?

A
  • tropical and temperature water
66
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order Pristiophoriformes L> Saw Sharks - animals current status (endangered, not etc)

A

critically endangered

67
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squaliformes: L> Not ___ and ___ in body plan and the mouth is ___. - Snout is __ and not ___.

A
  • flat and ray like - ventral - short - saw like
68
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squaliformes: L> dogfish sharks - How many species?

A

over 80

69
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squaliformes: L> dogfish sharks - how many dorsal fins?

A
  • two…some with spines
70
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squaliformes: L> dogfish sharks - anal fin?

A
  • no anal fin
71
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squaliformes: L> dogfish sharks - mouth situation?

A
  • short mouth with sharp teeth
72
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squaliformes: L> dogfish sharks - Habitat?

A
  • lives in all oceans and down to 20,000 feet
73
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squaliformes: L> dogfish sharks - delivery method for young?

A
  • ovoviviparous L> eggs hatch within body
74
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squaliformes: L> dogfish sharks - Many are ___ important.

A

commercially

75
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squaliformes: L> dogfish sharks - animals status?

A
  • critically endangered
76
Q

Sharks without anal fins: - Order: Squaliformes: L> dogfish sharks - length of a spiny dogfish?

A
  • it can get up to 5 feet in length (male)
77
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has six or seven gill slits and one dorsal fin L> Order?

A
  • Hexanchiformes L> frilled, six or seven gilled sharks
78
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has six or seven gill slits and one dorsal fin - Order: Hexanchiformes L> Fin situation?

A
  • single dorsal fin, anal fin
79
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has six or seven gill slits and one dorsal fin - Order: Hexanchiformes L> habitat?

A
  • deep water throughout oceans… can get to 4-16 feet deep
80
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has six or seven gill slits and one dorsal fin - Order: Hexanchiformes L> Wide ranging in ___ and __ waters but none in ___.

A
  • coastal - offshore - oceanic
81
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - Can have dorsal spines or not. - If it has dorsal spines …Order=?

A
  • Order: Heterodontiformes
82
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - dorsal spines - Order: Heterodontiformes L> Type of sharks? How many species?

A
  • Bullhead - 8
83
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - dorsal spines - Order: Heterodontiformes L> Fin spines are present where?

A
  • on both dorsal fins
84
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - dorsal spines - Order: Heterodontiformes L> length?

A
  • can be 2-5 feet
85
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - dorsal spines - Order: Heterodontiformes L> Habitat? (ie temp, depth etc)

A
  • shallow waters to about 900 feet - warm water temperate to tropical waters in Indian and Pacific oceans
86
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - dorsal spines - Order: Heterodontiformes L> attacking prey?

A
  • crushes them with hard teeth
87
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - dorsal spines - Order: Heterodontiformes L> type of prey?

A
  • small fish
88
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines L> Then we look for what for further classification?

A
  • where the mouth lies 1. Behind the eyes 2. Infront of the eyes
89
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is in front of the eyes L> Order??

A
  • Orectolobiformes : carpet sharks
90
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is in front of the eyes - Order: Orectolobiformes L> Two examples from class? L> how many species?

A
  • Nurse Shark ( Ginglymostoma cirratum) - Whale Shark ( Rhinocodon typus) ** 33 species, barbels on nostril NO SPINES
91
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is in front of the eyes - Order: Orectolobiformes L> Nurse Shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) -length?

A
  • can reach up to 9 feet
92
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is in front of the eyes - Order: Orectolobiformes L> Nurse Shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) - habitat?

A
  • shallow sandy beaches and down to 230 feet L> all warm seas
93
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is in front of the eyes - Order: Orectolobiformes L> Nurse Shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) -prey??(4)

A
  1. crustaceans 2. corals 3. urchins 4. molluscs
94
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is in front of the eyes - Order: Orectolobiformes L> Nurse Shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) - delivery of young?

A
  • Ovoviviparous L> eggs hatch within mother and delivered live.
95
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is in front of the eyes - Order: Orectolobiformes L> Whale Shark ( Rhinocodon typus) - length?

A
  • up to 45 feet maybe more
96
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is in front of the eyes - Order: Orectolobiformes L> Whale Shark ( Rhinocodon typus) - habitat?

A
  • near the surface - all warm temperate and tropical waters -
97
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is in front of the eyes - Order: Orectolobiformes L> Whale Shark ( Rhinocodon typus) - type of predator?

A
  • filter feeder L> 300 rows in each jaw of teeth!
98
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is in front of the eyes - Order: Orectolobiformes L> Whale Shark ( Rhinocodon typus) - In 1995 they were discovered to deliver young in what way?

A

-ovoviviparous L> eggs develop in mother and hatch in mother to be delivered

99
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is in front of the eyes - Order: Orectolobiformes L> Whale Shark ( Rhinocodon typus) - how many eggs can they produce?

A

300

100
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is behind the eyes - what are the next two questions for further classification?

A
  1. Nictitating eyelids and spiral valve 2. No nictitating eyelids but have a ring intestinal valve
101
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is behind the eyes -Nictitating eyelids and spiral valve - Order???

A
  • Carcharhiniformes (1/2 major sharks….considered ‘true sharks’)
102
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is behind the eyes - No nictitating eyelids but have a ring intestinal valve - Order???

A
  • Lamniformes (2/2 major sharks…considered ‘ true sharks’)
103
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is behind the eyes -Nictitating eyelids and spiral valve - Order: Carcharhiniformes L> how many species? Interesting fact?

A
  • over 200 species - most dominant shark group
104
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is behind the eyes -Nictitating eyelids and spiral valve - Order: Carcharhiniformes L> contains some of the most ??

A

numerous groups

105
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is behind the eyes -Nictitating eyelids and spiral valve - Order: Carcharhiniformes L> Fin situation?

A
  • anal fin, two dorsal fins
106
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is behind the eyes -Nictitating eyelids and spiral valve - Order: Carcharhiniformes L> snout situation?

A
  • elongated snout
107
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is behind the eyes -Nictitating eyelids and spiral valve - Order: Carcharhiniformes L> mouth description?

A
  • long mouth that reaches behind the eyes which have a nicitating membrane
108
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is behind the eyes -Nictitating eyelids and spiral valve - Order: Carcharhiniformes L> example? alt name?

A
  1. Charcharhinidae Sharks or Requiem Sharks
109
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is behind the eyes -Nictitating eyelids and spiral valve - Order: Carcharhiniformes L> Charcharhinidae Sharks or Requiem Sharks - length?

A
  • 2 feet to possibly over 20 feet
110
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is behind the eyes -Nictitating eyelids and spiral valve - Order: Carcharhiniformes L> Charcharhinidae Sharks or Requiem Sharks - habitats?

A
  • wide range of habitats
111
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is behind the eyes -Nictitating eyelids and spiral valve - Order: Carcharhiniformes L> Charcharhinidae Sharks or Requiem Sharks - delivery method?

A
  • live bearers L> viviparous
112
Q

What is the most numerous shark on the planet from Charcharhinidae?

A
  • Blue Sharks! L> frenzy very easily L> form massive schools L> eat anything in the water…. L> pretty much all muscle….mot durable in stamina L> can bite through a turtle shell
113
Q

Sharks with anal fins: - It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins - No dorsal spines - mouth is behind the eyes -Nictitating eyelids and spiral valve - Order: Carcharhiniformes L> example?

A
  • Hammerheads
114
Q

The hammerhead sharks are part of the order Carchiniformes…idenify which species of hammerhead each one in the picture is.

A

A.Smooth

B. Scallop

C. Great (huge dorsal fin)

D. Bonnet

115
Q

What do people believe the hammerheads unique head morphology was developed for?

A
  • specialized router…. helps lift the body.
116
Q

Describe hammerheads vision!

A
  • very good vision
  • can see nearly everything around them
  • panaoramic vision
117
Q

Sharks with anal fins:

  • It has five gill slits and two dorsal fins
  • No dorsal spines
  • mouth is behind the eyes
  • No Nictitating eyelids and have a round intenstinal valve.
  • Order??
A
  • Lamniformes: Mackerel sharks
118
Q

Lamniformes- Mackerel sharks:

  • general physical description
A
  • two dorsal fins, anal fins, mouth stretches behind eyes
119
Q

Lamniformes- Mackerel sharks:

  • habitat?
A
  • range from intertidal zone to open ocean down to 4000 feet
120
Q

Lamniformes- Mackerel sharks:

  • What does it mean for some of them to be oophagous?
A
  • interuterine cannabilism
  • mother continuously produces eggs that the babies feed on…first born baby eats the others… after all are gone the baby is fed via unfert eggs.
121
Q

Lamniformes- Mackerel sharks:

  • examples ? (8)
A
  1. Sand tiger sharks
  2. thresher
  3. basking
  4. Lamnidae (mackerel sharks)

L> mako

L> porbeagle

L> great white

122
Q

Are lamnidae fast swimming sharks?

A
  • YES
123
Q

How do we tell the difference between a porbeagle and a mako shark?

A
  • porbeable on its trail edge on the 1st dorsal fin has a creamy white patch
124
Q

How fast can a mako go?

A
  • 40 miles per hour and can maintain it
125
Q

Can both makos and porbeagles maintain fast speeds?

A

yes

126
Q

How fast can a great white go?

A
  • 25 miles per hour in rapid bursts…it cannot maintain the speed though

Biology 4663: Advanced Elasmobranch Studies (11 decks)

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