Topic 5: Use Of Biological Resources Flashcards
Glasshouses and polyethene tunnels
· The enclosed environment protects the crops from harsh weather conditions
· Carbon dioxide levels, and so therefore rate of photosynthesis
· Heat is trapped from the Sun, so the optimum temperature of enzymes can be reached
· The plants are protected from pests that can damage plants or carry diseases
Factors affecting crop yield
Carbon dioxide
· Paraffin lamps can be burned to increase carbon dioxide levels
· This ensures that carbon dioxide is not the limiting factor in the rate of photosynthesis
Temperature
· The heat trapped by the Sun in the glasshouse raises the temperature
· This allows the enzymes in photosynthesis to work at the optimum temperature and so the rate of photosynthesis increases
Fertiliser
· Fertilisers contain nutrients that allow plants to grow faster
· These water-soluble minerals can be absored into the plant roots by actve transport
· Nitrates are required to make amino acids for proteins, to allow the plants to grow
· Phosphates are required for respiration and root growth
· Potassium is needed for growth of flowers and fruit, as it allows enzyme reactions to take place
Pest Control
Using pesticides or biology control to prevent insects eating the plants. Pesticides include fungicides, herbicides and insecticides
Advantages of Pest control
· Quick and efficient
· Can kill entire populations
Disadvantages of pest control
· Organisms can develop resistance
· Non-specific so kills other organisms
· Bioaccumulation can make it toxic to others in the food chain
· Have to continuously apply
Yeast
Yeast uses anaerobic respiration in order to make bread rise.
The carbon dioxide bubbles are what causes the bread to rise
Yeast equation
Glucose (C6H12O6) –> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Practical: Investigate the role of anaerobic respiration by yeast in different conditions
1) Dissolve sugar in boiled water
2) Mix yeast with the sugar solution in a boiling tube
3) Add a layer of oil on top in order to prevent oxygen from entering (ensuring that it is only anaerobic respiration taking place)
4) Connect the boiling tube to a test tube of lime water
5) Count the number of bubbles see over a set time
Different conditions can be investigated, such as temperature (by using a water bath) or concentration of sugar
Production of yoghurt
· Lactobacillus is a useful bacterias in making yoghurt
· Milk contains a sugar called lactose, which lactobacillus can break down to form lactic acid
· This acid lowers the pH of the milk, which denatures proteins to give the yoghurt texture
The process of yoghurt
1) All equipment is sterilised to kill unwanted microorganisms
2) Milk is heated to 72°C for 15 seconds to kill any microorganisms in the mlk - this is called pasteurisation
3) The milk is cooled and lactobacillus is added
4) The mixture is incubated at around 40°C in a fermenter - here the bacteria breaks down lactose to lactic acid
5) The thickened yoghurt is produced and any flavouring, colorants or fruits are added before packaging
Industrial fermenter
Fermenters are containers that grow bacteria and fungi in large amounts. This can be useful when producing transgenic bacteria for example:
· Aseptic conditions are required to ensure that no ther microorganism grows and contamnates te containers
· Nutrients are needed for the microorganism to use is respiration
· Optimum temperature and pH are needed in order for enzymes to work at the high rate but are not denatured
· Agitation by stirring paddles is required to ensure that the nutrients, oxygen, temperature, pH and microorganisms are distributed evenly
Fish farming Method: Maintaining water quality
Filter water to remove waste an harmful bateria to prevent disease
Fish farming Method: Controlling intraspecific predation
This isto stop compatition within the same species. Fishes are separated by size and age to prevent competition
Fish farming Method: Controlling interspecific prediction
This is to stop competition between species. Different species are separated by nets or tanks
Fish farming Method: Controlling disease
Antibiotics are given to increase chances of survival
Fish farming Method: Removing of waste products
Water is filtered to remove waste faeces
Fish farming Method: Controlling quality and frequency of feeding
Fish are fed frequently but in small amounts so they do not overhear and to avoid food wastage