Topic 1: The Natural And Variety Of Living Organisms Flashcards
Name the 8 Functions of living orgamisms.
· Movement
· Reproduction
· Sensitivity
· Control
· Growth
· Respiration
· Excretion
· Nutrition
Movement
Can change position
Reproduction
can have offspring either sexually or asexually
Sensitivity
can detect stimuli, such as light, and then respond to them
Control
Can control their internal environment (homeostasis)
Growth
Can increase mass
Respiration
Can produce energy either aerobically or anaerobically
Excretion
Can remove toxic or waste produced by reactions in the body
Nutrition
Can absorb nutrients in order to use them for growth and repair
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes are organisms that have a nucleus and organelles that are found within a plasma membrane
Nucleus
· Subcellular structure found in plant and animal cells
· Contains the genetic material, which codes for a particular protein
· Enclosed in a nuclear membrane
Cytoplasm
· Subcellular structure found in plant and animal cells
· Liquid substance in which chemical reactions occur
· Contains enzymes (biological catalysts, i.e. proteins that speed up the rate of reaction)
· Organelles are found in it
Cell membrane
· Subcellular structure found in plant and animal cells
· contain receptor molecules to identify and selectively control what enters and leaves the cell
Mitochondria
· Subcellular structure found in plant and animal cells
· Where aerobic respiration reactions occur, providing energy for the cell
Ribosomes
· Subcellular structure found in plant and animal cells
· Where protein synthesis occurs
· Found on a structure called the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Plants
· E.g. cereals (such as maize) or herbaceous legume (such as peas)
· Multicellular organisms
· Cells contain chloroplasts which is the site of photosynthesis: chlorophyll pigments within the chloroplast structure absorb light from the sun
· Cellulose cell walls which provide strength to the cell
· Contain a permanent vacuole, which stores cell sap and improves the cell’s rigidity
· Stores carbohydrates as starch or sucrose
What does a Plant cell contain?
· Cell wall
· Cell membrane (inside cell wall)
· Vacuole
· Cytoplasm
· nucleus
· Mitochondria
· Chloroplast
Animals
· E.g. mammals (such as humans) and insects (such as flies)
· Multicellular
· Cannot photosynthesise
· Do not have cell walls
· Have nervous systems in order to coordinate movement
· Store carbohydrates as glycogen
What does a animal cell contain?
· Cell membrane
· Mitochondria
· Cytoplasm
· Nucleus
Fungi
· Body is usually organised into a mycelium of thread-like structures called hyphae which have many nuclei but some are single-celled
· E.g. mucor has typical hyphal structure, yeast is single-celled
· Cell walls are made of chitin
· Feed by extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes which break it down into smaller pieces, which can then be absorbed (saprotrophic nutrition)
· May store carbohydrates as glycogen
Protoctists
· Single-celled organisms
· Some have features like animals cells, such as Amoeba, that live in pnd water
· Others are more like plants and have chloroplasts, such as Chlorella