Topic 5 - UKs Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards
What are urban cores?
Central parts of urban areas. They have a high concentration of economic activity. They are very densely populated and drive our economy
Give examples of urban cores…
London Glasgow Newcastle Liverpool Leeds Manchester Birmingham
What are rural periphery’s?
rural areas on the outside of the city e.g Surrey
Less densely populated, lower land value. Lower paid jobs usually in less advanced sectors.
How to core areas differ from periphery areas?
Core areas differ to periphery areas in many ways, they are more densely populated with a higher population of young working age people and very few elderly people. Also core urban areas have a higher concentration of economic activity.
How do core regions develop?
Core regions develop when people migrate to the city for work. More people spend more money which and a positive multiplier effect spreads into the neighbouring area (benefits things like businesses and services). The city grows and merges with neighbouring towns creating conurbations. The city soon influences a wider area. People from outside the core commute in. The city develops into a core region.
What are enterprise zones?
Places where the uk government offers companies help with start up costs, reduced taxes on profits & access to super fast broadband.
In 2015 there were 24 enterprise zones.
What are regional development grants?
Similar to enterprise zones but available over more of the uk. They include grants and advice to help businesses to start up and are mostly targeted at periphery areas, but funds are small - investors have to raise 5.5 times the amount of any government grant.
What are EU grants?
Funds to help the poorest regions of the EU whose GDP is below 75% of the EU average. In 2015 only Cornwall and north Wales qualified.
What are improvements to transport (goes with enterprise zones and all that)
Vital to rural regions. Neither Cornwall, north Wales, nor the Scottish highlands have any motorways. Improving transport makes places more accessible, and helps them to develop.
How has immigration changed the UK’s population over the last 50 years? In figures but also culturally?
Over the last 50 years immigration has caused the population to fluctuate but overall increase greatly greatly. It has gone from an increase or 160000 in 1992 to 515000 in 2011.
It has also increases cultural variation in language, food and dance e.c.t
How has immigration contributed to a greater natural increase as well?
The people who are moving into the country are often of a young working age and are looking to settle down and have children. There are more people in the country having babies so natural increase is greater.
What are the causes of international migration to the UK?
EU enlargement 2004 (meaning more people from European countries can move freely into the uk)
Former colonies
Conflict in Syria 2012-2015 (people flee the danger in their country and come to the uk)
What are the causes of national migration in the uk?
Retirement
Rural to urban
Brain drain (north to south)
Counter urbanisation
Government policy in the UK is currently to reduce immigration to 100,000 a year. Will this make a significant difference to our population increase?
Reducing immigration to 100,000 a year would make a significant difference to our population increase. It would cause it to increase at a much slower pace. It would also decrease natural increase as there would be fewer new people in the country having babies.
How has employment structure changed over the years? (proportion of workers in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors)
During 1800s - most in primary. Then during industrial revolution more people needed for building ships e.t.c. By 1900over half workers in uk in secondary industries. Then since 1900, mechanisation meat that fewer people were needed for work in industry as machines could do it. Then importing coal became cheaper and it was too expensive to extract so primary decreased.
Demand for work in tertiary sectors increases as services improve. Quaternary still new and there aren’t many in it.
How has the decline of primary and secondary industry in the NE of England affected people?
Use an example.
The decline of primary and secondary industry in the north east e.g the Redcar steel industry has sparked a negative multiplier effect. As many people were employed in the factory, so when they lost their jobs a lot of people didn’t have income so then weren’t spending any money which affected smaller businesses, retail and other services. This all slowed development in the north east.
How has the rise of the knowledge economy in the NE of England benefitted the area?
The rise of the knowledge economy in the NE has provided more highly paid jobs to skilled & highly educated workers. This leads to a positive multiplier effect.
Explain the factors that have contributed to the rise of the knowledge economy (quaternary
industry) in the SE of the UK.
Factors that have contributed to the rise of the knowledge economy in the south east are its brilliant universities (Oxford, Cambridge, imperial e.c.t), its transport links making it highly accessible (Heathrow, Gatwick & motorways like m25), also it contains the countries capital (London) which has loads of job opportunities.
What is a TNC
Trans national corporation
What is FDI?
Foreign direct investment
How have free trade policies affected the trend in FDI in the uk?
Free trade policies have contributed to the increase in FDI as they reduce import and export restrictions, increasing ease of trade. Free trade promoted between member countries of EU increases FDI from EU because companies can move goods and services freely. Investors are attracted.
How has globalisation affected the trend in FDI in the uk?
It has contributed to an increase in FDI. As It means that transport and communication links have improved making it easier for countries to operate in and communicate with the UK. E.g London’s global financial Center
How has privatisation affected the trend in FDI in the uk?
Privatisation has also contributed to an increase in FDI as it means foreign firms can buy services that were previously run by the uk government or merge with their existing business.
Describe the trend in FDI in the uk?
FDI in the uk has increased greatly from £726 billion in 2010 mostly coming mostly from the US. To £1065 by in 2014 again mostly from the US and other countries.
