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Geography - Becca > Topic 4 UK's Changing Physical Landscape > Flashcards

Topic 4 UK's Changing Physical Landscape Flashcards

1
Q

What is eroison?

A

The geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind/water

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2
Q

What are the 3 factors that have affected the landscape.

A

Geology, glaciation and tectonic hazards

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3
Q

What is geology?

A

The geology of an area is one of the key factors influencing the shape of the landscape: Stronger, more resistant rocks tend to produce highland areas, whereas weaker rocks tend to form lowlands

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4
Q

What is glaciation?

A

V shaped valleys form in the upper course of a river and when an ice age starts glaciers form and move slowly down the valley. As they move they increase in size, they erode the valley making it deeper and wider through processes like plucking and abrasion.
At the end if the ice age glaciers melt leaving a wide u shaped valley.

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5
Q

How are igneous rocks created?

A

Igneous rocks are created in two ways, when magma cools underneath the surface of the earth you get intrusive igneous. If lava cools outside the volcano you get extrusive igneous.

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6
Q

How are sedimentary rocks created?

A

Sedimentary rocks are created from sediment at the bottom of a liquid. Layers fo sediment from rivers & glaciers get compressed over thousands of years

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7
Q

How are metamorphic rocks created?

A

Metamorphic rocks are created when other types of rock (igneous or sedimentary) ar exposed to extreme heat or pressure.

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8
Q

Give an example of an igneous rock

A 
Intrusive = granite 
Extrusive = basalt
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9
Q

Give an example of sedimentary rock?

A

Chalk or limestone

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10
Q

Give 2 examples or metamorphic rocks

A

Slate

Marble

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11
Q

What is freeze thaw weathering?

A

Freeze thaw weathering occurs when rocks are porous or permeable. Water gets into faults/cracks in the rock. It then freezes and expands causing the crack to widen. The water melts and goes deeper into the rock. This process repeats until eventually the rock breaks apart.

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12
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

Biological weathering is the breakdown of rocks due to living things. For example plant roots break down rocks by growing into cracks on their surface and pushing them apart.

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13
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

A

Mechanical weathering is the breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composition. E.g salt weathering

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14
Q

What is salt weathering?

A

Sea water gets into cracks in the rocks
When water evaporates, salt crystals form. As the salt crystals form they expand which puts pressure on the rock
Repeated evaporation of saltwater and the forming of salt crystals widens the cracks and causes the rock to break up

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15
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

Chemical weathering is the breakdown of rock by changing it’s chemical composition. E.g carbonation weathering

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16
Q

What’s carbonation weathering?

A

Sea water and rainwater have carbon dioxide dissolved in them, which makes them weak carbonic acids.
Carbonic Acid reacts with rock that contains calcium carbonate e.g Carboniferous limestone, so the rocks are dissolved by rainwater

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17
Q

How can people change the landscape through agriculture?

A

People could clear woodland for farming, and add hedgegrows and walls to divide their fields

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18
Q

How can people change the landscape through forestry?

A

Forestry is the management of areas of woodland so they can be used for timber, recreation or conservation)
They can be added to or cleared

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19
Q

How can people change the landscape through settlement?

A

They can build houses and railways e.t.c

They can add water supplies and roads.

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20
Q

What are the two different types of coastline?

A

Concordant and discordant

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21
Q

What is a concordant coastline and what does it result in?

A

Concordant coastline is when the layers of hard and soft rock run parallel to the coastline. This results in coves being formed

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22
Q

What is a discordant coastline and what does it result in?

A

A discordant coastline is when the layers of hard and soft rock run perpendicular to the coastline. This creates bays and headlands

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23
Q

What are weaknesses in rocks called?

A

Faults or joints

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24
Q

Name the 4 types of erosion

A

Abrasion, attrition, hydraulic action and solution.

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25
What is abrasion?
Abrasion is the process of sediments wearing down the bedrock and the banks.
26
What is attrition?
the collision between sediment particles that break into smaller and more rounded pebbles.
27
What is hydraulic action?
when the motion of water against a rock surface produces mechanical weathering. Most generally, it is the ability of moving water to dislodge and transport rock particles.
28
What is solution
when certain types of cliff erode as a result of weak acids in the sea.
29
How is material moved across the beach? Describe the process
Material is moved along the beach in a process called LSD. Prevailing winds cause the waves to hit the beach at an angle and the swash of the waves carries sediment up the beach at this same angle. Then due to gravity, the backlash of the waves pull the sediment back in a straight line. This process continues, moving sediment further along the beach.
30
Name the landforms created by erosion at the coast
Cave, arch, stack, stump, bay, headland, cove, wave cut notch and platform.
31
Name the two different types of wave?
Constructive and destructive
32
What is swash?
Swash is the rush of seawater up a beach after the breaking of a wave.
33
What is backwash?
Backwash is when water drains back down the beach.
34
Name the landforms created by deposition at the coast
Beaches, sand dunes, lagoons, bars and spits are all landforms caused by deposition at the coast.
35
How do people affect the coast?
People affect the coast in a number of ways, for example building houses (which then need to be protected), office development (same reason). Also tourism is a big way humans effect the coast as it is motivation to add defences like groynes to stop long shore drift. Also farming is often done at the coast and it is used for ports & shipping for industry.
36
Coastal defences: | What are groynes?
Groynes are wooden/stone fences at right angles to the coastlin. They trap material transported by long shore drift.
37
What are the benefits of groynes?
They create wider beaches (more sand between sea and cliffs). This gives greater protection firm flood ping and erosion. They’re a fairly cheap defence.
38
What are the costs of groynes?
They starve beaches further down the coast of sand, making them narrower and meaning they don’t protect the coastline as well, as less wave energy is absorbed by sand, this leads to greater erosion and floods.
39
Coastal defences: | What are sea walls?
A wall made of a hard material like concrete, reflects waves back to the sea.
40
What are the benefits of sea walls?
Prevents erosion of the coasts. Acts as a barrier to prevent flooding, doesn’t need to be replaced often.
41
What are the costs of sea walls?
It creates a strong backwash which erodes under the wall. They are very expensive to build and maintain and aren’t very attractive.
42
Coastal defences: | What is beach replenishment?
Sand and shingle from elsewhere (e.g seabed) or from lower down the beach is added to the upper part of beaches that are being eroded.
43
What are the benefits of beach replenishment?
Creates wider beaches which slows the waves. This gives greater protection from flooding and erosion
44
What are the costs of beach replenishment?
Taking material from the seabed can kill organisms like sponges and corals. It is very expensive and has to be repeated.
45
Name some other coastal defences (aside from groynes, sea wall and beach replenishment)
``` Rock armour Breakwater Gabions Revetments Slope stabilisation Strategic reallignment ```
46
Hat are the two types of engineering to protect the coast
``` Hard engineering (e.g sea wall, groynes And Soft engineering (e.g beach replenishment) ```
47
What is hard coastal engineering?
Using concrete and steel structures to stop waves
48
What is soft coastal engineering?
Where the natural environment is used to help reduce coastal erosion, more sustainable. Using smaller structures, often built from natural materials to reduce wave energy
49
What is terminal groyne syndrome
It’s when groynes trap sediment on one side, starving beach further down of sediment making it more vulnerable
50
Give some examples of soft engineering?
Offshore breakwaters, sand dunes, planting vegetation, beach replenishment
51
In terms of coastal defence: what is ‘hold the line’?
Using coastal defences to stop any further erosion
52
What is strategic realignment?
When you gradually let the coast erode and move people/ businesses e.c.t away from areas at risk.
53
In terms of coastal defence: what is ‘do nothing’?
Take no action to stop erosion, let nature take its course.
54
In terms of coastal defence: what is ‘advance the line’?
Reclaim landscape and protect it using hard and soft engineering
55
How have humans influenced the coast through settlements?
20 million people in the uk live in coastal zones. | At Holderness for example, 29 villages have been lost due to coastal erosion over the last 1000 years.
56
How do people influence the coast through tourism?
Coatsal tourism plays major part in local economies. Groynes are built to trap land to protect areas such as tourist beaches. However, removing sediment from the system results in increased erosion further along the coast.
57
How have humans influenced the coast through infrastructure?
Roads and railways, oil refineries, chemical plants and ferry & shipping ports are located on the coast. Large cities and industrial areas have high economics value leading to coastal management, hard-engineering techniques e.g sea walls, but this means the coastline is prevented from changing naturally.
58
How have humans influenced the coast through construction?
Dredging removes sand and gravel from the system. In 1897 over 600 000 tonnes of gravel was dredged from the sea bed to build Plymouth docks. Soon after, wave action eroded the 5 meter high beach protecting nearby Hallsands village, so it was then destroyed by storms in 1917.
59
How have humans influenced the coast through agriculture?
Sea level rise and increased coastal erosion is already leading to the loss o farmland, and could effect the fishing industry in areas such as the Exe estuary in Devon. Land that is used for agriculture has a low economic value so is often not protected from the natural coastal defences, TMT the coastline can erode naturally.
60
What are the 4 types of transport in a river?
Traction, suspension, saltation, solution.
61
What is traction?
Pebbles/rocks are too heavy to be lifted by the water so are just rolled along the riverbed.
62
What is saltation?
Particles are light enough to be bounced along the riverbed by the water, lighter then traction
63
What is suspension?
Particles are light enough to be carried through the water
64
What is solution?
Dissolved load is transported through the river in solution.
65
In the upper course of the river, erosion happens in which direction?
Erosion happens in a vertical direction, it erodes the river bed.
66
What river landforms can be found in the upper course of the river?
Waterfalls and gorges
67
How are waterfalls formed?
They occurred when there is resistant rock on top of less resistant rock Less resistant rock is eroded by hydraulic action, more resistant rock is undercut to create an overhang. Hydraulic action continues to erode and undercut, creating a plunge pool. The overhang eventually collapses and sediment is used for abrasion which continues to erode the plunge pool. The waterfall retreats upstream to leave a steep sided gorge.
68
Where are meanders and oxbow lakes found in a river?
Middle course.
69
What is velocity?
The speed of a river (m/s)
70
What is discharge?
The volume of water flowing in a river measured in cubic meters per second (m/s^3) Or how much water the river is carrying
71
What is the flood plain?
The area of land surrounding a river which is most likely to be flooded.
72
Where is the fastest flow in a meander?
The outside bend - creates river cliffs
73
Where is the slowest flow in a meander?
Inside bend - creates slip-off slopes
74
What is the long profile of a river?
Changes in the gradient of the river from source to mouth
75
What is the cross profile of a river?
Changes in the valley shape from the source to the mouth.
76
How does the long profile of a river change from source to mouth?
At the source the gradient is steep and becomes gradually more gentle and flat until you get to the mouth where it is very flat.
77
How does they cross profile of a river change from source to mouth.
The source is a V-shaped valley and it is almost flat at the mouth.
78
What is a storm hydrograph?
It’s a graph which shows us how fast rainfall gets to the river. It shows how the river changes as a result of rainfall and discharge.
79
What is infiltration?
Water soaking into the soil
80
What is surface runoff?
When water flows across the surface of the ground (overground)
81
What is transpiration?
Evaporation of water from the leaves of plants
82
What is throughflow?
The flow of water within the soil layer until it reaches a river/lake/the ocean. Usually when the soil is saturated with water.
83
What human activity can change the shape of a hydrograph?
Land use change Urbanisation Deforestation
84
Give examples of hard engineering methods in rivers?
Flood walls Construct levees Flood relief channel Dredging
85
What are natural river levees?
In times of flood a river may overflow its banks and spread over the flood plain. As it does so it loses energy and deposits its material across the flood plain. As it takes more energy to carry larger particles, these are deposited first and therefore build up along the banks of the river to form a natural embankment which are called levees. The levee will become higher every time the river floods.
86
What is a floodwall in river management?
Building a high wall alongside a river to increase its capacity
87
What is a construct levee?
Similar to a flood wall but sometimes built further away from the riverbank to increase the capacity even more.
88
What is dredging?
Taking away material from the bottom and sides of the river to increase the capacity. It could also be lined with concrete to speed up the river flow and get water away quickly
89
What is a food relief channel?
Creating extra channels to divert excess water away from city centres.
90
Give examples of soft engineering methods in rivers
Flood plain retention | River channel restoration
91
What is flood plain retention?
The level of flood plains is lowered and restored to grassland so they hold water over time and then release it slowly into the river
92
What is river channel restoration?
Rebuilding meanders to lengthen the river and slow water down. Removing hard engineering material and replacing it with plants/trees.

Geography - Becca (5 decks)

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