Topic 5 - UK's Human Environment Flashcards
What is population density?
How many people live in an area: High density = lots of people in a small area Low density (sparsity) = dew people in an area
Describe the distribution of people in the UK
The area in the UK with the highest population density is south east England. As you travel further north the population density becomes sparser with the lowest population density being north Scotland with a population density of < 50 people per 5km². The highest population density is London, with central London having a population density of > 5,000 - 13,000 people per 5km². Anomalies include cities such as Edinburgh and Glasgow which are situated in Scotland yet have a population density of > 2,000 - 5,000 people per 5km²
What is a core region?
A core region is an urbanised area of a country that produces large amounts of the annual GDP and drives the economy. An example of this is London which contains 13% of the population but produces 22% of the UK’s annual GDP
What % of the UK is urbanised?
7%
What is the population density like in the Urban core?
High and staying high
What is the population density like in rural areas?
Low but increasing
What is the age structure like in the urban core?
Many young adults, many single people
What is the age structure like in rural areas?
Many older people, Some single people
What is the economic activity like in the Urban core?
Retailing, large shops, offices and corporate headquarters, cultural centre
What is the economic activity like in Rural areas?
Farming, Fishing, Forestry, Mining, working from home (IT), tourism
What are settlements like in the Urban core?
Metropolis, cities, large town
Mix of low and high rise buildings
Property often more expensive
What are settlements like in rural areas?
Market towns, villages and isolated farms
Low rise buildings
Property generally cheaper
Why is population density higher in the urban core?
The population density is higher in the urban core than in rural areas. This is due to age structure, settlements, and economic activity. In the urban core there are many jobs available opening up many job opportunities for people and attracting them to live there. There is also lots of housing in the form of high-rise buildings.
Why do some rural areas have higher levels of poverty?
Rural areas on the periphery of the UK may be isolated and inaccessible, there are few employment opportunities and therefore young people leave to find jobs elsewhere - depopulation leads to loss of services as they can no longer be supported. Rural areas also often provide lower paying jobs due to lower living costs, this means that there are lower taxes paid. Therefore, there is less money that is able to go back into the community, causing neglect of things such as schools or hospitals
How have government policies attempted to reduce the difference between the urban and rural areas?
* Creating Enterprise Zones
* Transport Infrastructure,
* Regional Development
How does creating enterprise zones help reduce the difference between urban core and rural areas?
The UK government has created 55 enterprise zones across England, Scotland, and Wales. These offer companies a range of benefits for locating in enterprise zones, including: reduced taxes, simpler planning rules, and improves infrastructure. These measures can be used to encourage companies to locate in areas of high unemployment, bringing in jobs and income which could help poorer rural areas to develop. For example, the new Dorset Green enterprise zone already has 2 high tech engineering companies and hopes to attract 55 more businesses, creating 2000 new jobs in the region.
How does transport Infrastructure help reduce the difference between urban core and rural areas?
The UK government plans to link London, Birmingham, Leeds, and Manchester with a new high speed railway line, “HS2”. This will increase capacity and allow faster journeys into major cities - promoting industry and jobs in poorer rural areas in the north of England. On a local scale, Lancashire county council has built a new road to link the port of Heysham in Lancashire to the M6. This will encourage businesses to invest by reducing travel times and easing congestion, creating more job opportunities for people in the surrounding rural areas.
How does Regional Development help reduce the difference between urban core and rural areas?
The EU has used the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) to promote growth in poorer rural areas by investing in small high-tech businesses, providing training to improve local people’s skills, and funding infrastructure, e.g. high speed broadband to attract businesses. For example, the EU funded superfast broadband in Cornwall. This attracts digital businesses and links regeneration projects and new research and development centres in the region. This is creating skilled jobs in the area, attracting young graduates and boosting the local economy. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is an EU initiative to make sure EU farmers can earn a living from farming. It includes training for farmers and assistance for young farmers starting up, as well as subsidies for rural diversification and projects. In 2016, the UK voted to leave the EU, which means future regional development plans are uncertain
How many Enterprise zones are there in the UK?
55
What are the benefits of an enterprise zone?
* Reduced taxes
* Simpler planning rules
* Improved Infrastructure
What sort of jobs does the Primary Sector contain?
Forestry, Fishing, Farming, Mining
(Extract)
What sort of jobs does the secondary sector contain?
Manufacturing, Construction
What sort of jobs does the teritary secotr contain?
Services Distribution
What sort of jobs does the quaternary sector contain?
information, research
What sort of jobs does the quinary sector contain?
high level management
Compare the changing economic sectors in the UK
Since 1961 both primary and secondary sectors have decreased whilst tertiary sectors have increased rapidly. Between 1961 and 2011 primary sectors have gradually decreased from ∼5% to ∼1% of the workforce, secondary sectors have decreased from ∼38% to ∼10%. On the other hand, tertiary sectors have rapidly increased from ∼50% to ∼83%
Why have Primary sector jobs declined in the UK?
*Mechanisation
*Competition from abroad
*Shortage of raw materials
Why have secondary sector jobs decreased in the UK?
Secondary jobs have declined because of global shift, this is when industries locate to other countries
Why have tertiary and quaternary sectors increased in the UK?
Tertiary and quaternary sectors increased because of growing populations and the fact that people have more disposable income to spend, this makes these jobs more valuable and required as there is a higher consumption and therefore more employment in retail/leisure is required
How has the number and origin of migrants to the UK changed in the last 50 years?
Between 197- and 1982 more people left the UK than moved to the UK. There has been a constant flow of British people leaving the UK since 1970 - mostly to Australia, the USA, France and Spain. However, since 1983, more people have moved to the UK than have left and net migration has generally been increasing - net migration has more than doubled in the last 10 years. In 2015 the net migration to the UK was 300,000 people.
What is the UK’s population growth driven by?
Roughly half the UK’s population growth is driven by natural increase (more births than deaths), and about half by migration
What has caused primary and secondary sectors to collapse in Burnley and NE England?
* Mechanisation
* Raw Materials
* Competition from Abroad
* Negative Cycle of Decline
* Government Policy
How has mechanisation caused the primary and secondary sectors to collapse in Burnley and NE England?
Mechanisation of the industry has caused a decrease in the secondary sector. An example of this is farming. Mechanisation replaces peoples jobs because, although they have a high initial cost, they save money in the long run as they do not require wages, or holidays. However, although this causes a decrease in some jobs, it would provide new skilled jobs such as building and maintaining the machinery
How has a lack of raw materials caused the primary and secondary sectors to collapse in Burnley and NE England?.
A lack of raw materials has also caused a decline in the secondary sector. An example of this is the mining industry. Over time, as the land continues to be exploited and the materials harvested, the raw materials can run out or become too dispersed to be worth extracting. This can cause the industry to collapse
How has competition from abroad caused the primary and secondary sectors to collapse in Burnley and NE England?
Competition from abroad has also caused a decline in the secondary sector. An example of this is in 1914 when the textiles industry began to collapse due to cheap imports. If companies can import materials or products cheaper from abroad, they will buy from abroad rather than the more expensive local industries.
How has a negative cycle of decline caused the primary and secondary sectors to collapse in Burnley and NE England?
A negative cycle of decline can also cause the secondary industry to collapse. This is because as industries collapse and people become unemployed it causes these locations to become less and less appealing and therefore more people will move away from these locations as it contains a lack of jobs. This can also cause other industries to collapse as people are moving away and there will be a lack of workers.
How has Government policies caused the primary and secondary sectors to collapse in Burnley and NE England?
Government policies can also cause the secondary sector to collapse. If government policies cause minimum wage to rise, some companies may not be able to afford these new costs and may collapse . Furthermore, the government are much more likely to fund newer industries that may be in tertiary and quaternary sectors rather than older secondary industries
Why has the tertiary industry risen in SE England?
* Transport
* Geographical Position
* Government Decisions
* Markets
* Labour and Skills
How has Transport led to an increase in the tertiary industry in SE England?
There is a large network of motorways and railways, such as the M25 and M4 corridor. In 2013, 72% of UK freight was carried on roads in the south east. 4 major airports (Gatwick, Heathrow, Luton, and Stanstead) give excellent access to other countries. Ports such as Southampton and tilbury are important for the movement of heavy, bulky goods
How has Geographical position led to an increase in the tertiary industry in SE England?
The rail and road networks centre on and radiate out from London, the political and economic capital. South East England is close to the decision-making centre of London which contain national government and corporate headquarters. However, the region is also cheaper than London, making it easier for new start-ups. The region is close to the channel tunnel, giving access to mainland Europe
How has Government decisions led to an increase in the tertiary industry in SE England?
Previous governments encouraged firms to leave London and relocate in the South East at places such as Basildon and Newbury
How have markets and labour led to an increase in the tertiary industry in SE England?
The south east is the wealthiest UK region, it provides a large market of 19 million people for goods and services. There is also a skilled local labour force (Oxbridge and London universities)
What is a footloose industry?
Industries that can be located anywhere in the world as they are not reliant on specific resources or services which are found in a particular area
What is Foreign Direct Investment?
Foreign Direct Investment is an investment made by a firm or individual into business interests located in another country
What is an advantage of TNC’s effect on the economy in the UK?
TNC’s play a large role in the UK’s economy such as creating and providing new jobs. They can also help fund large scale projects that the UK government cannot afford, an example of this is £15 billion being invested into the UK infrastructure. They also lead the way in developing technology and business practises which can be used to increase productivity
What is a disadvantage of TNC’s effect on the economy in the UK?
Many TNC’s can lead to an over-reliance on TNC’s. This means that is there is an economic problem elsewhere in the world, the UK’s economy is affected. There is also big affects if TNC’s choose to relocate or change suppliers, for example many farmers are dependent on just one or two large TNC’s who buy their produce. Local businesses could also struggle to compete against large TNC’s such as Starbucks
Why is FDI in the UK increasing?
*Globalisation
*Privatisation
*Free Trade Policies
Why is FDI in the UK increasing due to Globalisation
*Transport and communication links have improved making it easier for companies to operate in the UK
*London has developed as a global financial centre - many foreign banks, e.g. the German Deulsche Bank, have located here because of the business culture and networking opportunities
Why is FDI in the UK increasing due to Privatisation?
*Services that were previously run by the UK government have been offered to private firms. This has increased FDI because foreign firms can buy them or merge them with their existing businesses. For example, many UK electricity boards are now owned by foreign companies - Scottish power is owned by the Spanish energy company, Iberdrola
Why is FDI in the UK increasing due to Free Trade policies?
*Free trade policies reduce import and export restrictions, making it easier for countries to trade
*Free trade is promoted between member countries of the EU. This increases FDI from the EU because companies can move goods and services freely between the UK and their home countries
*Free trade agreements with other countries can attract investors to the UK who want access to the European market and often include special agreements for investment as part of the deal
*Since the UK voted to leave the EU, the future of free trade policies in the UK is uncertain
What is a site of a location?
The location or land on which a place is built
What is the situation of a location?
The location of a place in relation to other places
What is the site of London and how has this enabled London the grow?
*London is sited on the flat floodplain of the River Thames, where it meets the sea
*It is located in SE England, near to France and mainland Europe
*There is very fertile land next to s deep river (River Thames)
*It has naturally deep harbours, allowing large ships to dock and transport goods
Explain the situation and connectivity of London
London is connected well internationally. London has the world’s second biggest international airport at Heathrow. Also, if you add together all the international passengers from all of the UK’s airports, it is by far the world’s largest air “hub”. Eurostar also brings major European cities within a few hours travel of London.
Nationally, the UK’s fastest rail services link London and major UK cities. Manchester and Birmingham each have 3 fast rail services and hour. Future travel times will be further reduced by the building of HS2
Why are travel times in the UK distorted?
Most major rail services centre at London (which is in the South East), these railways link Urban cores together which can be travelled to quickly, however, peripheral areas cannot
What is the burgess model?
The burgess model is a concentric ring model that shows land use patterns. The model was based on 1920’s Chicago where burgess noted different land uses were in a ring pattern. Each ring of the model performed a function for the city and these changed with the increasing distance from the city centre
What are the rings of the Burgess model?
1) CBD (Central Business District)
2) Inner City
3) Suburbs
4) Urban-rural fringe
What is the CBD?
CBD stands for Central Business District, it is the central section of the burgess model. Its function is mainly commercial, providing office space and economic activity. It has a mix of new high-rise buildings and historical buildings. The land value here is very high meaning that buildings are built extremely densely and often high-rise. Its environmental quality is low due to bad air quality caused by traffic, however, central London has 2 royal parks (Hyde + St. James’)
What is the Urban-rural fringe?
This is where the city meets the countryside. Most buildings here were built in the late 20th century. Building density is very low as land price is lower, meaning that there are large detached and semi-detached houses. Also, almost every house has a garden. There are many high-class residential areas, there is also some industry such as oil refineries and manufacturing - these are often seen near the edge of town - however it is mostly residential.
What is the Inner City?
The inner city used to contain most of the old manufacturing industry but much of it has closed down. Houses are laid out in a grid pattern. There is a mix of high-class residential areas containing old terraced houses and low-class residential with 1960-70s high rise flats. Environmental quality varies, some areas have little to no green space whereas others have high-quality green space
What are the suburbs?
The suburbs are generally middle-class residential areas. They are more expensive to live in and popular with families due to larger (20th century detached or semi-detached) houses. There are also many shops and restaurants. Most houses have gardens and large areas of good quality green space.
What happens as you travel towards the CBD?
* Density of housing increases
* Age of housing increases
* Amount of green space decreases
* Height of building increases
* Price of land increases
* Land use changes from residential to commercial
* Houses becomes smaller
Why is London such a popular destination for migrants?
The majority of migrants who move to London are of working age (16-65) meaning that they are able to work and have a job. London is the perfect area for migrants as it has many available jobs - both skilled and unskilled - meaning that all migrants are able to get a job that caters to their skill set. For example, many highly educated and skilled migrants arrive in London and are able to get well-paid jobs in the knowledge economy jobs due to a lack of skilled UK workers. Also, unskilled workers are also able to get a job as there are also many unskilled jobs unwanted by UK workers, or those with unsocial hours that need filling.
Why is migration an economic necessity for London’s economy?
Migration is an economic necessity for London’s economy as there are not enough workers without migration. London companies appoint migrants with particular skills from overseas, as there are not enough skilled UK workers. London construction, hotel, and restaurant companies would find it hard without migration as these jobs are unwanted by UK workers
Why do migrants of similar ethnicities generally migrate into the same location?
Migrants from similar ethnicities migrate to the same locations to develop communities. This helps to defend migrants from discrimination, support ethnic shops and services, and preserve cultural distinctiveness. Some areas have developed cultural festivals (e.g. Notting Hill carnival)
What area of the Burgess Model is Newham?
Inner city
What is ethnicity like in Newham?
It is one of London’s most diverse boroughs; 30% white, 25% black Caribbean, 40% Asian
What is income like in Newham?
Newham is a low average income area
What is housing like in Newham?
Most properties are rented. 32% own their housing, 35% rent privately, 32% rent from social housing
what are services like in Newham?
Schools are under pressure, this is caused by a high birth rate. There is pressure on social services as 38% of children live in poverty
What is culture like in Newham?
Mainly Asian with several temples, mosques, and African Anglican churches. Many Asian food shops and small businesses
What is the age demographic in Newham like?
Largest age group is 20-40 year olds
What area of the Burgess model is Richmond Upon Thames?
Outer Suburbs
What is ethnicity like in Richmond Upon Thames?
It is one of the least diverse boroughs in London; 85% white, 7% Asian or Asian British. However, despite a large white population many residents are born overseas in places such as the USA and EU
What is income like in Richmond Upon Thames?
Very high income area; 69% have professional or managerial occupations. Average income is £41,000 - almost double UK average.
What is housing like in Richmond Upon Thames?
Stable area where affluent people people buy expensive property. 69% own their own property, 16% rent privately, 15% rent from social housing
What are services like in Richmond Upon Thames?
Less pressure on schools with fewer children, however there is a higher than average percentage in care homes due to an older population
What is culture like in Richmond Upon Thames?
Predominantly white middle class
What is the age demographic like in Richmond Upon Thames?
Largest age group is 30-50 year olds
Explain 2 ways in which migration into a city has effected its character:
In London, the rate of migration inwards has increased since 1991. This has affected the character of London, making it more diverse with a range of different cultures from all over the world. For example, boroughs such as Newham have a high population of migrants, this creates a diverse area as migrants often live in similar locations and form communities to preserve their culture, this means that different types of food, festivals, and shops can be found here than there would without migration.
Furthermore, migration has also affected the character of London, increasing the economic activity in the area. The majority of migrants who move to London are of working age (16-65) meaning that they are able to work and have a job. London is the perfect area for migrants as it has many available jobs - both skilled and unskilled - meaning that all migrants are able to get a job that caters to their skill set. For example, many highly educated and skilled migrants arrive in London and are able to get well-paid jobs in the knowledge economy jobs due to a lack of skilled UK workers. Also, unskilled workers are also able to get a job as there are also many unskilled jobs unwanted by UK workers, or those with unsocial hours that need filling. This boosts the economy in the city
What is inequality?
extreme differences between poverty and wealth
What is deprivation?
The degree to which an individual or area lack services and amenities
What is the IMD?
The Index of Multiple Deprivation. It is a measure to show how deprived places are. It uses information on employment, education, and housing. It often reveals inequalities in aspects of life.
Explain the inequality in education between Newham and Richmond:
Many of the best state schools are in wealthy areas (such as Richmond) as higher taxes are being paid, this means more money can be invested into public things such as schools. Therefore wealthy parents send their children to these high quality state schools. Wealthy parents living in deprived areas (such as Newham) may send their children to a private school. However most lower income families may have to send their children to underperforming state schools, this may mean they do not achieve the same level of qualification as those at better schools. These schools are underperforming due to being underfunded as lower taxes are being paid so less money is invested into schools. This effect can be seen as only 26% of adults in Newham are educate to degree level whereas 64% of adults in Richmond are educated to degree level.
Explain the inequality in income/employment between Newham and Richmond:
The average income in Richmond is much higher than in Newham (£41,000, almost double UK average) this is because many more people have jobs in quinary and quaternary sectors. Richmond also has a much lower unemployment rate (2.8%), this is because 64% of adults are educated to degree level and there are many more job opportunities due to high appeal. Newham has a much lower average income (£28,780, the same as the UK average but it is much more expensive to live in London), this is because many more people have jobs in secondary and lower-paying tertiary sector jobs as only 26% of adults are educated to degree level. Newham also has a much higher unemployment rate (12.6%) due to few job opportunities caused by low appeal.
Explain the inequality in health between Newham and Richmond:
In Newham the infant mortality rate is 5.5 and premature deaths are 210, whereas in Richmond the infant mortality rate is only 2.75 and premature deaths are 121. This is because wealthier areas, such as Richmond, will be paying higher taxes due to higher income. This means that there is more money to be invested into hospitals and healthcare. People living in Richmond are also more likely to be able to afford private healthcare than those in Newham
Explain the inequality in services between Newham and Richmond:
Crime rate is lower in Richmond as people do not have an incentive to commit crime as there are more job opportunities and a higher income. However, Newham has a higher unemployment rate (12.6%) which results in a higher crime rate as people use it as a final resort when they cannot get jobs. Newham also has less “outstanding” Ofsted schools per child than Richmond, this is because there is a lower average income and therefore less tax money which could be used to invest in schools.
Explain the link between taxes and education:
More tax money = more investment into schools
Explain the link between crime and education:
Poorer education = more likely to get into crime
Explain the link between education and jobs
Better education = better job opportunites
Explain the link between jobs and wealth:
better jobs = better wages and salary
Explain the link between wealth and crime:
Poorer wealth = more likely to resort to crime
Explain the link between wealth and taxes:
larger income = more tax being paid
Explain the link between wealth and health:
More wealth = better access to private healthcare
Explain the link between tax and health:
more tax money = more investment into hospitals and healthcare
Explain the link between living environment and life expectancy:
Better living environment = better quality of life and higher life expectancy
What is counterurbanisation?
MOvement of people beyond the boundary of a town/city into a village or smaller town
What is suburbanisation?
movement of people to the residential area of the city in the suburbs
What is deindustrialisation?
The decline of factories in an urban area
What is decentralisation?
the movement of shops/offices to the edge of the urban area (RUF)
What is depopulation?
The decline in total population
What is gentrification?
The improvement of an urban area when new professional (high earners) move into a run down area closer to work. This rehabilitates the area
What is studentifiaction?
When communities benefit from local universities which provide employment and large student population which can regenerate services and housing.
What is urban sprawl?
When towns spread outwards in their size as people move to the edge through suburbanisation
What is a green belt?
An area of land at the edge of an urban area that has strict planning controls which prevent new development and urban sprawl.
Explain why London lost 1.5 million people between 1951 and 1981 but still grew into the green belt
People became more spread out:
Suburbanisation - people moved from inner London to outer suburbs, from a small to a big house, this means that they take up more room and the city expands into the green belt. Increasing divorces and later marriage means that the population does not increase but the number of houses does to accommodate for more single people
Counter urbanisation - Although people moved out of London, it was often to the home counties (those which surround London) whose population then increased. The boundary between countryside and city has become more blurred
Why have people in London moved out towards the URF?
*Houses and gardens increase in size as you move away from the inner city
*The air quality increases as you move away from the inner city
*Houses and living costs decreases as you move away from the inner city
*Some businesses and manufacturing factories are moving towards the URF so people follow them for job opportunities
What social factors have contributed to London growing into the green belt?
*Fertility rates where almost 3.0 in 1961, meaning that many people created large families and needed more homes and space
*Although fertility rates fell to 1.6 in 2011, people stay single for longer and divorce is more common, increasing the number of homes needed
What has attempted to limit the physical growth of London?
The physical growth of London has been limited by a green belt. This is a belt where no major building is allowed
What is regeneration?
Long term upgrading of existing areas by adding new services, jobs, and housing - designed to tackle inequality
What is reurbanisation?
Reurbanisation is when people move back to inner city areas where populations had previously declined due to a range of issues
What area have leisure and culture caused economic growth?
CBD and Inner City
What area has urban sprawl caused economic growth?
URF
What area have gentrification and studentifiaction caused economic growth?
Inner City
What area have financial and business services and TNC investments caused economic growth?
CBD
How have financial and business services and TNC investments caused economic growth in the CBD?
*The growth of finance and business services is revitalising the CBD. The City of London has emerged as a global centre for banking, insurance, and law companies which benefit form being close to each other
*Many TNC’s base their sales and marketing departments and headquarters in London because of its importance as a financial centre. TNC’s based in London attract further investment as they help to cement London’s identity as a global city
How has gentrification and studentification caused economic growth in the inner city?
*Some areas, e.g. Islington, have been gentrified - wealthier people move into run down areas and regenerate them by improving housing. New businesses are springing up in gentrified areas to cater for the wealthier newcomers
*Other areas, e.g. Camden, have been studentified - a high student population has led to thriving services and entertainment venues, generating new jobs and wealth for the area
How has urban sprawl caused economic growth in the URF?
*Most growth has taken place in the rural-urban fringe. Large shopping centres, e.g. Bluewater, have been built on the edge of the city where land is cheaper and there is less congestion and more parking space.
*Industrial areas have also developed on the outskirts of London
*The availability of jobs has attracted many people and workers to come and live there
How has Leisure and culture caused economic growth in the CBD?
*London hosted the Olympic games in 2012, with most investment taking place in London’s East End. This was one of London’s most deprived areas but the area now has new transport links and the athletes; village has been developed into a modern housing estate. The sports stadiums are open for community use as well as world sporting events. New jobs have been created and many people are moving into the area
What is rebranding?
Changing the theme of an area through marketing it and name changing. This should improve the image and encourage people to go there
What are some positive social impacts of the regeneration/rebranding scheme of Stratford Olympic park?
*It created 9,000 new houses, with 50% going to housing associations for affordable or social housing
*The Olympic Park has a new OFSTED Outstanding school at “Chobham Academy”, as well as health and care facilities
*New image of Stratford around sport has continued with “open to public” velodrome, aquapark, mountain biking, sports centre and stadium
*Stratford is now the most connected station in London with 9 different public transport lines changing here
*The aim is for the games to promote social cohesion in one of the most culturally diverse communities in the UK. It should also improve the image of East London
*Population has risen by 58% since 1981 in Newham, its London’s fastest growing borough. This creates spending and more jobs and investment
*In total 280 hectares of brownfield land will be regenerated into housing and commercial buildings
What are some negative social impacts of the regeneration/rebranding scheme of Stratford Olympic park?
*Targets for affordable housing there have been revised from 50% in 2010, to a maximum of 31% in 2013
*Old communities were broken up. People forced to leave the area and move out of London to find new homes, others had to seek smaller houses
What are some positive environmental impacts of the regeneration/rebranding scheme of Stratford Olympic park?
*The urban wasteland of the Lower Lea valley was described ecologically “dead”, but it is now hugely improved and full of life
*Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park has been built, it is the largest London park since the Victorian era - green space in the inner City of London
*10 Football pitches of wild flowers have been planted, creating rich, diverse habitats
What are some positive economic impacts of the regeneration/rebranding scheme of Stratford Olympic park?
*12,000 new jobs will be created in the area of the Olympic park alone. Jobs will vary in skill level, from high-tech start-ups to lower service paid jobs in Westfield
What are some negative economic impacts of the regeneration/rebranding scheme of Stratford Olympic park?
*Since 2012, Newham has recorded the largest property price rises of any London borough and the area around the East Village has emerged as a “buy to let” hotspot
* Some traditional businesses, e.g. pubs, and shops have closed and new services for the wealthier newcomers have replaced these
*Rental costs have also shot up and a combination of rising rents make it increasingly difficult for households on low incomes to find accommodation in the area - they are forces to leave
Have first time buyers looking to buy in the area won or lost from the development of the Olympic Park?
A first time buyer would lose from the development as property prices have risen massively, and many properties are only available to rent
Have industries previously present in the brownfield area won or lost from the development of the Olympic Park?
Industries that were present in that area that were doing badly and may be disused would benefit from the development. This is because, although they would be forced to relocate or shut down due to the compulsory purchase order, they would be paid compensation
However, industries that were present in the area that were performing well would suffer due to the development. This is because, although they would be paid compensation, they would have to relocate or shut down - losing money as a result
Have original inhabitants in the area won or lost from the development of the Olympic Park?
Original inhabitants who lived in the area before the games, would suffer due to the development as they would be forced to leave or relocate and would be unlikely to be able to move back afterwards due to increased house prices
Have a family living nearby with 2 young children won or lost from the development of the Olympic Park?
A family living nearby with 2 young children would benefit as a result of the development as they would not be forced to relocate but would be able to use the new facilities and park. Also, their house price would likely have increased.
What is quality of life?
This term sums up all the factors that affect a persons general well-being and happiness
What does a sustainable urban area need to be able to do?
Meet the needs of the population living there:
*Socially - people have access to good services
*Economically - a range of jobs are available with fair wages
*Environmentally - resources are used in a manner to minimise usage and ensure safe disposal of waste products to not damage the natural environment
What schemes are in place to help make urban living more sustainable in London?
- Transport,
- Employment,
- Affordable Housing,
- Energy efficient housing,
- Green spaces,
- Recycling,
How has transport helped to make urban living more sustainable in London?
Tackling transport is one of the main ways in which London aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions:
*London introduced a congestion charge in 2003, charging motorists for daytime travel into central London, Monday - Friday. It has resulted in a 6% increase in bus passengers and income is invested in London’s transport
*Since 2012, all new London buses have been hybrid, making buses cleaner and more fuel-efficient
*The ULEZ (Ultra Low Emission Zone) helps reduce emissions and air pollution, you are charged if your car is a high emitter. This has helped to cause a 30% decrease in nitrogen dioxide levels across London
How has employment helped to make urban living more sustainable in London?
*Many companies and organisations are encouraging people to work at home 1-2 days a week. The number of people who worked from home doubled from 4.3% to 8.6% in 2012, but that is still only 1 in 12. There are limits as well - you cannot work from home if you work in a coffee shop
*Flexible working hours help people to travel more cheaply and outside of the normal rush hour, this reduces emissions and time sitting in traffic (still emitting greenhouse gases)
How have green spaces helped to make urban living more sustainable in London?
*The greenbelt is an area where new development cannot be built, it encircles London and prevents Urban Sprawl
*Environmentalists argue that natural land should be protected and new developments should be built on brownfield land rather than greenfield land as it already has electricity lines and water pipes
*This is not very well enforced and some argue that there is not enough land to be built on without expanding into the greenfield land to support a growing population
How have energy efficient housing helped to make urban living more sustainable in London?
*BedZED (Beddington Zero Energy Development) in Sutton, is a sustainable community that promotes energy conservation. There are nearly 100 apartments and houses which use 81% less energy for heating, 45% less for electricity, and 58% less water than an average British home
*For this to be sustainable it must be widespread around London and not just in a single community
How has affordable housing helped to make urban living more sustainable in London?
*Many key workers can’t afford to work and live in London. They either leave or seek cheaper housing outside of London, making journey times longer and more pollutive. Affordable housing allows them to live in London, nearer to their place of work
*Many schemes class themselves as affordable, but have high qualifying salaries making it harder for those on low or minimum wage to afford
What is labour?
A work force
What are goods?
Physical materials or products
What are services?
functions that satisfy our needs
Explain how London is connected to the rural areas around it by labour?
*Many people commute into London from surrounding rural areas to work - 40% of people in Sevenoaks work in London
*Students and young professionals move into London - they want to live near to work in areas with good entertainment
Explain how London is connected to the rural areas around it by goods?
*London relies on the surrounding rural areas for food - many farmers sell their produce to supermarkets and wholesalers who transport it
Explain how London is connected to the rural areas around it by services?
*London has excellent hospitals and private schools as well as specialist services, people from rural areas close to London might attend or visit these locations
*Many Londoners travel into the countryside for leisure activities, e.g. to play golf, walk in the country parks, go horse riding, etc.
*Many rural people travel into London to go shopping - there is a greater selection of high street and luxury shops
What are some economic benefits of urban-rural interdependence?
*Some rural service businesses (e.g. pubs and restaurants) have seen an increase in profits as newer residents have higher disposable incomes
*There is less pressure on housing in London as many workers live outside of London, as a result cost of London housing has decreases
*Some farmers have made money from selling land or buildings and diversifying their businesses
What are some environmental negatives of urban-rural interdependence?
new housing estates have been built on open countryside e.g. Dunston green, which has affected wildlife habitats
What are some social benefits of urban-rural interdependence?
Some existing houses have been improved into wealthier residence
What are some economic negatives of urban-rural interdependence?
*Some villages have become commuter settlements. Residents live in a rural area and commute to London. The village is empty during the day and some shops and services may close
What are some environmental negatives of urban-rural interdependence?
Lots of commuters drive to stations with fast links to London. This increases the amount of traffic, air pollution, and congestion
What is stakeholder?
A person who has an interest or concern about something
Why are people moving to East Devon?
*Because the land is mainly rural, land costs are cheaper - office rentals cost £9/square foot annually compared to £90/square foot in central London. Land is 10x cheaper
*Met office buildings are 3km away from Exeter city airport, with daily flights to London, northern UK, and Europe
*There are 42 train services to London a day (fastest journey is 2 hours)
*The met office is 0.5km from the M5 junction 29
*New skilled jobs and opportunities are appearing in East Devon
Explain the population change in East Devon:
In 2014 alone, Devon gain 5,000 migrants from other parts of the UK. 40% of these migrants went to sunny East Devon. Part of the increase is due to an inward flow of retired people, but there is also a significant increase in family migrants as well.
Explain the pressure on housing in East Devon
Increasing population means that East Devon requires more housing. however there are 2 housing problems:
*⅔ of East Devon is classed as an “area of outstanding beauty”. Demand for housing pushes prices up but it is hard to increase supply as planning permission for new housing is hard to get due to impact on environment
*Average income in East Devon is 10% below the UK average, but housing is only 3% lower than the UK average. More affordable housing is needed as it is hard to afford a house.
How has increased leisure and recreational activities effected East Devon?
East Devon has a stunning coastline and a world heritage Jurassic coast which stretches into Dorset. There is also Dartmoor national park nearby. This brings in huge numbers of visitors which puts pressure on roads and environmentally sensitive areas
What are the home counties?
The counties of England that surround London
What are challenges for the rural areas around London?
*Housing
*Employment
*Healthcare
*Education
*Transport
How is housing a challenge in rural areas around London?
Sevenoaks district is among the 30% most deprived areas for housing affordability. House prices in the Sevenoaks area are much higher than the UK average. There is also a very high demand for houses due to its proximity to London. This creates a challenge in providing affordable housing for young people, whose incomes are often lower and can easily be outbid. This may cause pressure to build more houses, causing more green space to be destroyed
How is employment a challenge in rural areas around London?
Increased use of technology in agriculture and increasing farm sizes has decreased the number of workers needed in rural areas, e.g. Kent now has fewer agricultural workers and manufacturing has declined 30% since 1998. Finding alternative employment can be a challenge. This causes fewer taxes to be paid and more people claiming benefits, causing a negative spiral of decline. This can cause areas to become deprived. People may also work in London rather than locally
How is healthcare a challenge in rural areas around London?
Ageing populations require more healthcare and special facilities such as nursing homes. These old people are most likely retired and therefore do not pay taxes to help the upkeep of these facilities. Also, some GP surgeries in smaller communities are threatened by closure due to a low number of visitors. Therefore, some people may have to travel much further (possibly into London) to receive the treatment that they need, this creates another issue as many elderly people in rural areas do not own a car
How is education a challenge in rural areas around London?
Some schools in some villages are closing due to declining numbers of pupils as there are less young people in rural areas. This means that young people may have to travel much further to get to school and receive their education
How is Transport a challenge in rural areas around London?
A lack of demand for public transport can cause them to shut down, this can have a negative impact on those who rely on public transport to get around
Why are supermarkets bad for farmers?
Supermarkets do not stick local goods as it is cheaper to import from abroad. This means that local farmers miss out
What is rural diversification?
Some farmers are finding alternative ways of making money such as farm based activities or new businesses
What are 3 examples of rural diversificatioN?
*Farm shops
*Rural accommodation
*Leisure activities
Explain what a Farm shop is:
A farm shop is when farmers sell produce from the farm and local area, and example of this is Stanhill Farm in Wilmington. This way, land can continue to be farmed and more varieties of crops are grown using more environmentally friendly methods than monoculture used by supermarkets. However, they will not be able to provide as wide a range of goods as supermarkets and prices may be higher than supermarkets
Explain what Rural accommodation is and the pisitives and negatives:
Rural accommodation is when some rural land is turned into a large touring caravan and camping park. This can provide an extra source of income for the farmer, however they can be aesthetically unpleasing. It also increases the pressure on the natural environment due to a large number of visitors - through increased use of water and energy and the amount of waste generated
Explain what Leisure activities are? (Rural Diversification)
*An example of a leisure activity is farm visits or a mountain bike course on farm property. This provides an extra source of income for the farmer.
*However land is built on to create car parks, visitor facilities and traffic increases in the area, leading to air pollution
How does e-commerce cause decline in the CBD and inner city?
Buying online (e.g. Amazon) has decentralised shopping further. If you live in London but find a product in Glasgow, buying it is easy
How does deindustrialisation cause decline in the CBD and inner city?
Deindustrialisation can cause many people to lose their jobs, increasing the rate of unemployment. This can lead to less taxes being paid and more people claiming benefits - this can lead to the area becoming deprived. It also causes the area to become less desirable as there are not as many job opportunities, causing depopulation
How does depopulation cause decline in the CBD and inner city?
Deindustrialisation can cause people to move out of the city in search of job opportunities. This can lead to a lack of workers in the area and less taxes being paid and more people claiming benefits - this can lead to the area becoming deprived. This can lead to decentralisation
How does decentralisation cause decline in the CBD and inner city?
As people move out towards the suburbs, they begin to spend their money there rather than central London. This causes decentralisation which is when shopping activity and employment moves away from the CBD. This has led to an increase in employment in the suburbs and a decrease in employment in the CBD
How does transport cause decline in the CBD and inner city?
New transport allows people to travel to the CBD faster than ever before, this means people living in Guildford (50 miles away from London) can be there in 30 minutes, this means that people do not have to live in the Inner City or the city at all
Why does building height vary in urban areas?
Urban areas tend to be very old. Therefore there is a range of building ages. There is also a range of building uses (i.e residential and financial)
