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GCSE Geography > Topic 2 - Development Dynamics > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Development Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the capital of Malawi?

A

Lilongwe

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2
Q

What is development?

A

The economic, social, and political progress of a country or people. For it to be beneficial it must be sustainable

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3
Q

What is economic development?

A

the progress in economic growth, e.g. how wealthy a country is, its level of industrialisation and use of technology

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4
Q

What is political development?

A

Having a stable political system with institutions that can meet the needs of society

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5
Q

What is social development?

A

Improvement in people’s standard of living, e.g better health care and access to clean water

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6
Q

What is GDP?

A

the total value of goods and services a country produces in a year. It is measured in US$

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7
Q

Is GDP social, economic or political?

A

economic

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8
Q

As a country develops, GDP …………

A

increases

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9
Q

What is GDP per capita?

A

The GDP / total population of a country, so that it shows the average wealth per person. It is measured in US$

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10
Q

Is GDP per capita social, economic or political?

A

economic

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11
Q

As a country develops, GDP per capita …………

A

increases

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12
Q

What is GNI (Gross National Income)?

A

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas. It is measured in US$

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13
Q

Is GNI (Gross National Income) social, economic or political?

A

economic

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14
Q

As a country develops, GNI (Gross National Income) …………

A

increases

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15
Q

What is birth rate?

A

Birth rate is the number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year

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16
Q

Is birth rate social, economic or political?

A

social

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17
Q

As a country develops, birth rate ………………

A

decreases

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18
Q

What is death rate?

A

the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

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19
Q

Is death rate social, economic or political?

A

social

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20
Q

As a country develops, death rate ……………..

A

decreases

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21
Q

What is fertility rate?

A

Fertility rate is the average number of births per women

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22
Q

Is fertility rate social, economic or political?

A

social

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23
Q

As a country develops, fertility rate ……………..

A

decrease

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24
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

The number of babies who die under 1 years old, per thousand babies born

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25
Q

Is infant mortality rate social, economic or political?

A

social

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26
Q

As a country develops, infant mortality rate ……………..

A

decreases

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27
Q

What is Maternal mortality rate?

A

The number of women who die due to pregnancy related problems per hundred thousand live births

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28
Q

Is Maternal mortality rate social, economic or political?

A

social

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29
Q

As a country develops, Maternal mortality rate ……………..

A

decreases

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30
Q

What is doctors per 1000 population?

A

The number of working doctors per thousand of the population

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31
Q

Is doctors per 1000 population social, economic or political?

A

social

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32
Q

As a country develops, doctors per 1000 population ……………..

A

increases

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33
Q

What is the Gini coefficient?

A

The Gini coefficient is a measure of economic inequality. Countries are given a score between 0(equal) and 1 (total inequality)

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34
Q

Is the Gini coefficient social, economic or political?

A

economic

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35
Q

As a country develops, the Gini coefficient ……………..

A

decreases

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36
Q

What is gender inequality index?

A

a number calculated using data on women’s education, access to jobs, political rights and health during pregnancy. The higher the score, the more inequality

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37
Q

Is gender inequality index social, economic or political?

A

social

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38
Q

As a country develops, gender inequality index ……………..

A

decreases

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39
Q

What is Human Development Index (HDI)?

A

A number calculated using life expectancy, education level, and income per capita. Every country has a HDI value between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed)

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40
Q

Is Human Development Index (GDI) social, economic or political?

A

social and economic

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41
Q

As a country develops, Human Development Index (HDI) ……………..

A

increases

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42
Q

What is Corruption Perception Index (CPI)?

A

A measure of the level of corruption that is believed to exist in the public sector on a scale of 1-100. The lower the score, the more corruption

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43
Q

Is Corruption Perception Index (CPI) social, economic or political?

A

political

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44
Q

As a country develops, Corruption Perception Index (CPI) ……………..

A

increases

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45
Q

What is access to safe drinking water?

A

The percentage of the population with access to an improved (piped) water supply within 1km of their home

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46
Q

Is access to safe drinking water social, economic or political?

A

social

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47
Q

As a country develops, access to safe drinking water ……………

A

increases

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48
Q

What is literacy rate?

A

the percentage of the population aged over 15 who can read and write a basic sentence

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49
Q

Is literacy rate social, economic or political?

A

social

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50
Q

As a country develops, literacy rate ……………

A

increases

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51
Q

What is the population structure?

A

The number(or %) of people in a country in each age group. It also shows the percentage of males/females

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52
Q

What is demographic data?

A

All data linked to population changes: birth rate, death rate etc.

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53
Q

What is dependency ratio?

A

Proportion of dependents : working

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54
Q

How do you work out the dependency ratio?

A

(Young% + elderly%) / working% x 100

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55
Q

What is a populations structure pyramid?

A

graph showing population structure

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56
Q

What does a narrow apex show on a populations structure pyramid?

A

small number of elderly, low life expectancy

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57
Q

What do concave (curving in) sides show on a populations structure pyramid?

A

That there is a large death rate

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58
Q

What does a wide base show on a populations structure pyramid?

A

large number of young people and a large birth rate

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59
Q

What does a developing countries populations structure pyramid look like?

A

Developing countries would have a wide base due to high fertility and birth rates. They would also have concave sides and a narrow apex due to a high death rate and low life expectancy.

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60
Q

What does a developed countries populations structure pyramid look like?

A

In a developed country they would have a wider apex, a narrower base, and a bulge in the middle. This is because life expectancy increases and death rate decreases, and the birth rate and fertility rate also decrease

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61
Q

How is the dependency ratio shown on populations structure pyramid?

A

The upper group (65+) and the lower group (15-) are shown on the side

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62
Q

What is an example of a developed country?

A

The UK

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63
Q

What is an example of an emerging country?

A

India

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64
Q

What is an example of a developing country?

A

Malawi

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65
Q

What does an emerging countries populations structure pyramid look like?

A

emerging countries would see their fertility rate and birth rate fall rapidly resulting in a narrower base with straight edges. They would also see a falling death rate and and increasing life expectancy

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66
Q

What is the HDI in India?

A

0.645

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67
Q

In a developed country, birth rates and fertility rates will……..

A

Decrease because:

  • women would have a larger role in society, this means that they will pursue jobs rather than starting a family earlier
  • access to contraception will increase
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68
Q

In a developed country, infant mortality will ………….

A

fall, this is because corruption rates are reduced, Reduced corruption rates causes there to be more money spent on hospitals and healthcare, reducing infant mortality rates

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69
Q

In a developed country, life expectancy will …………

A

increase because the HDI increases. This means that the number of people who have access to healthcare and safe drinking water increases, therefore causing the life expectancy to increase

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70
Q

In a developed country, populations will …………..

A

Will become more elderly than youthful because birth rates are decreased. This is because women will have a greater role in society and pursue a career instead of starting a family

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71
Q

How does being landlocked prevent Malawi developing as quickly as other countries?

A

Malawi has no coastline, this means that it has no port from which it can export or import goods. Reaching the coast involves a slow, 800km single railway track

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72
Q

How does always losing money from trading prevent Malawi developing as quickly as other countries?

A

Malawi always loses money from its trading. It exports primary (raw material) products and imports secondary (manufactured) products, because secondary products are sold at a much higher price, Malawi is losing money

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73
Q

How does rural isolation prevent Malawi developing as quickly as other countries?

A

85% of Malawi’s population is rural. There people are poor and isolated form towns (and jobs) due to poor transport infrastructure

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74
Q

How does basic telecommunications prevent Malawi developing as quickly as other countries?

A

People in the rural areas can’t get to the towns because of poor roads and also poor telephone and internet provision

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75
Q

How does climate change prevent Malawi developing as quickly as other countries?

A

Climate change is making Malawi much drier as evaporation increases from rising temperatures and rain is unpredictable causing food shortages

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76
Q

How does pollution of land and water prevent Malawi developing as quickly as other countries?

A

Lilongwe, the capital has contaminated water supplies and rapid squatter settlements (slums). These along with air pollution reduce life expectancy and productivity of workers

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77
Q

How did Malawi being a British colony prevent Malawi developing as quickly as other countries?

A

When Malawi was a British colony, British powers exploited cheaply Malawi’s raw materials and didn’t develop Malawi’s infrastructure or economy

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78
Q

How does corruption prevent Malawi developing as quickly as other countries?

A

Malawi is the 121st (out of 168) in the worst corruption. It has a score of 3.8/10. This means a lack of investment is going into people’s education and health

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79
Q

How does civil unrest prevent Malawi developing as quickly as other countries?

A

following anti-government protests, Britain halted all aid to Malawi, accusing the government of mishandling the economy and failing to invest in people

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80
Q

How does low social investment prevent Malawi developing as quickly as other countries?

A

Corruption has meant little investment in education and health. Malawi’s citizens have not been able to develop their lives

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81
Q

How does debt prevent Malawi developing as quickly as other countries?

A

From over-borrowing money in the 1970’s Malawi is in debt. In 2004 Malawi was spending 9.6% of its national income on debt servicing and only 4.6% on public health care

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82
Q

How does HIV/Aids prevent Malawi developing as quickly as other countries?

A

Malawi has some of the highest levels of infection in the world (10% live with HIV). New cases are falling but it continues to reduce life expectancy and impact on productivity of workers

83
Q

How does a very high fertility rate prevent Malawi developing as quickly as other countries?

A

Malawi has a high fertility rate of 5.7 children per women and a growth rate of 2.8%. The population will double in 25 years, this makes it increasingly hard for the government to provide water, food, housing, and education

84
Q

How does global trade prevent Malawi developing as quickly as other countries?

A

Global trade is not free - Malawi exports raw coffee beans rather than roasted which would get a higher price. EU and USA charge 7.5% higher tariffs on roasted beans than raw beans

85
Q

How does terms of trade prevent Malawi developing as quickly as other countries?

A

Malawi exports less than it imports. Malawi export $1.3bil, and import $2.5bil. It mainly exports primary goods. The country loses money each year

86
Q

How does unfair trade prevent Malawi developing as quickly as other countries?

A

Tea workers lose out as tea is sold on the global market for £2 per kg. In supermarkets it sells for £8 per kg. Profits go to UK companies rather than the tea workers

87
Q

How does colonisation and cash crops prevent Malawi developing as quickly as other countries?

A

Coffee and tea plantations are in British ownership, they hire local landless workers who get paid just 1p per kg of tea or coffee. 80% of the population work in farming

88
Q

What is inequality?

A

Extreme differences between poverty and wealth, as well as in peoples wellbeing and access to things like jobs, housing, and education

89
Q

What method is used to answer an “assess and evaluate” question?

A

Point
Evidence
Judgement
Explanation

90
Q

What are the economic consequences of poverty?

A
  • 1/5 of the world live on less than $1 a day
  • Almost 1/2 in the world live on less than $2 a day
  • Developing countries often lack the ability to pay for food, agricultural innovation and investment in rural areas
91
Q

What are the social consequences of poverty?

A
  • More than 775 million people in developing countries cannot read or write
  • nearly 1 billion people do not have access to clean drinking water
  • nearly 2.4 billion people do not have access to basic sanitation
  • Many developing countries are unable to combat the effects of HIV/Aids
92
Q

What are the environmental consequences of poverty?

A
  • Developing countries have increased vulnerability to natural disasters
  • Developing countries lack the ability to adapt to climate change induced droughts
  • Poor farming leads to environmental degradation
  • Raw materials are exploited with limited economic benefit and little concern for the environment
93
Q

What are the political consequences of poverty?

A

*Some developing countries have non-democratic governments or are poorly functioning democracies. This can worsen the plight of minority groups

94
Q

Who was Rostow?

A

Rostow was an American economist who worked in the US government after WW2. He was anti-communist and believed that poverty was the reason countries overthrew their governments and became communist. His model is based in European, North American, and Australasian countries. He published his model in 1960

95
Q

What was Rostow’s modernisation theory?

A

Rostow thought that poverty caused countries to overthrow their governments and become communist. He thought that capitalism was fundamental to economic development. Rostow thought that countries move through 5 stages of economic development. He believed that development gaps between countries was explained by the fact that the countries where at different stages of the model

96
Q

What are the stages of Rostow’s modernisation theory?

A

1) Traditional Society
2) Pre-take off society
3) Take off stage
4) Drive to maturity
5) High-mass consumption

97
Q

What are the criticisms of Rostow’s modernisation theory?

A
  • Lack of detailed explanation about progress

* Assumes all countries start with the same resources and geographical factors

98
Q

What is the “Traditional Society” stage?

A

Mostly agriculture with little surplus, subsistence economy

99
Q

What is the “Pre-take off society” stage?

A

Shift from farming to manufacturing, trade increases profits. Agriculture grow cash crops

100
Q

What is the “take off stage” stage?

A

Growth is rapid. Investment and technology create new manufacturing industries. Investment from profits from oversea trade

101
Q

What is the “Drive to maturity” stage?

A

A period of growth. Technology is used throughout the economy. Industries provide consumer goods

102
Q

What is the “High-mass consumption” stage?

A

A period of comfort. Consumers enjoy range of goods. Society chooses how to spend wealth

103
Q

What will happen to the number of primary workers as the country changes from traditional to high-mass consumption?

A

decrease

104
Q

What will happen to the number of secondary workers as the country changes from traditional to high-mass consumption?

A

decrease

105
Q

What will happen to the number of tertiary workers as the country changes from traditional to high-mass consumption?

A

increase

106
Q

Who was Andre Frank?

A

Andre frank was an economist, and in 1967 he published a dependency theory that criticised capitalism.

107
Q

What was Franks Dependency theory?

A

Core countries buy raw materials from Periphery countries, these products earn the periphery small amounts of money. The core is able to make these goods into manufactured goods and sell them to periphery countries for large amounts of money. Capitalism has meant that the core get richer and the periphery get poorer. The poorer countries are now dependent on the richer countries. He said that a fairer way to ensure all countries had equal money was communism

108
Q

What are the 3 section in franks dependency theory?

A
  • Core
  • Periphery
  • Semi-Periphery
109
Q

Describe the trade in and out of the core in franks dependency theory

A

The core trade goods (secondary products) to the periphery in exchange for resources (primary products)

110
Q

What is the core in Franks dependency Model?

A

The core is based on developed nations such as those in Europe and North America

111
Q

What is the periphery/semi-periphery in Franks dependency Model?

A

The periphery consists of other areas that produce raw materials to sell to the core

112
Q

What is the periphery/semi-periphery in Franks dependency Model?

A

The periphery consists of other areas that produce raw materials to sell to the core

113
Q

Historically, how have the developing countries become dependent on the developed countries?

A

colonisation was a major cause of poverty in developing countries. Developed countries had become rich at the expense of developing countries, by exploiting natural resources. In the modern world, neo-colonialism may be having a similar effect

114
Q

Capitalism benefits the developed countries because ……………

A

Capitalism has benefited the developed countries more than the developed countries as developed countries sell manufactured goods to developing countries at a high price, whereas developing countries sell raw materials to developed countries for a much lower price

115
Q

Capitalism means that periphery countries lose out to core countries because ……………..

A

Core countries often export much more than they import, meaning that they gain money and get richer. Whereas periphery countries import much more than they export, meaning that they lose money and become poorer

116
Q

What is globalisation?

A

globalisation is the process by which places in the world are becoming increasingly interconnected and interdependent as a result of the huge increase in the global trades of goods, global companies movement of people, and cultural exchange between different areas in the world

117
Q

What is increasingly being sent between countries due to globalisation/

A
  • Resources
  • Culture
  • Goods
  • Food
  • People
  • Fashion
118
Q

Where are products being made and designed due to globalisation?

A
  • Designed in developed countries

* Outsourced and made in developing countries

119
Q

What is a TNC?

A

A TNC is a Transnational corporation that produce and sell products and are located in more than 1 country

120
Q

What is an example of a TNC?

A

Apple

121
Q

How are cultures being shared due to globalisation?

A
  • Food
  • Religion
  • Clothing
  • Beliefs
  • Tradition
122
Q

How are people becoming more connected?

A
  • Internet Access

* Mobile Phones

123
Q

How do TNC’s help spread culture?

A

TNC’s help increase globalisation by linking together countries through he production and sales of goods. This can help spread culture around these countries.

124
Q

How do TNC’s spread consumerism?

A

TNC’s promote a culture of consumerism - where countries in emerging and developing countries start to earn money and then want to buy the products that they see in developed countries - this makes lifestyles similar and TNC’s wealthier

125
Q

Why are TNC’s attracted to developing and emerging countries?

A

lower wage costs, this allows them to make a larger profit as labour costs are reduced

126
Q

What is FDI?

A

Foreign Direct Investment

127
Q

What is an example of FDI?

A

A company such as Nike would invest in a developing/emerging country to build a factory

128
Q

How can world governments help increase globalisation?

A

World governments can increase globalisation in many ways. Investing in a country will help attract TNC’s who will then further invest in the country. This will help increase globalisation

129
Q

What is an example of a country that is not fully open to globalisation?

A

China

130
Q

How do developing countries try to promote industrial and commercial exports in their country?

A

by setting up an EPZ (export-processing zone)

131
Q

What is an EPZ (export-processing zone)

A

An EPZ is a specific type of free trade zone, set up to promote industrial and commercial exports. They are usually a fenced in area of 10 to 300 hectares, that specialises in manufacturing for export. IT offers firms free trade conditions and a liberal regulatory environment. Its aims are to attract foreign investors who can facilitate entry into the world market for some of the economy’s industrial goods, thus generating employment and foreign exchange

132
Q

What is the site of India?

A

India is located in South Asia. It’s capital is New Delhi which is situated in northern India. It is 3.3 million (ur welcome Jack Piper) km^2 and is located between 38N and 8N. It is surrounded by the Indian ocean, Arabian sea, and the bay of Bengal. It has many river systems such as the Indus system and the Brahmaputra system that are both over 2900km long. It has many physical land masses such as the Himalayas

133
Q

What is the situation of India?

A

India has many neighbouring countries such as China, Indonesia, Pakistan and Bangladesh, they are also economically growing quickly meaning that they are able to trade. India has good links with the rest of the world meaning that they are able to set up good trade routes with other countries, and example of this is an east-west trading route that transports oil from the middle east. Also, India is part of many world organisations such as the UN, world traded organisation, Indian ocean Rim association, south Asian association, and the commonwealth. India also has 15 major sea ports and 30 international airports. However, India is at conflict with Pakistan over the area of Kashmir

134
Q

What is the situation of a settlement?

A

Its position in relation to the surrounding human and physical features - this now often includes a places connectivity with the world

135
Q

What do you need to consider when describing a locations site?

A
  • Continent it is on
  • Capital and where it is
  • Size of country
  • latitude
  • Water (ocean/rivers)
  • Physical land masses
136
Q

What do you need to consider when describing a locations situation?

A
  • Neighbouring countries
  • Political links with other countries in the world
  • Member of world organisations (UN/G20 etc)
  • Transport Links (no. international airports/ports etc)
137
Q

What do you need to consider when describing a locations situation?

A
  • Neighbouring countries
  • Political links with other countries in the world
  • Member of world organisations (UN/G20 etc)
  • Transport Links (no. international airports/ports etc)
138
Q

What is India like as a country socially?

A
  • Second largest population (1.25bn) - biggest by 2022
  • Mumbai and Calcutta are the 4th and 5th biggest cities in the world with a population of 16 mil and 15 mil
  • 1/4 of urban population live in slums
  • 20 million Indians live in over 100 countries worldwide
139
Q

What is India like as a country politically?

A
  • India is the worlds largest democracy - in 2015, 672 million people where registered to vote
  • It was one the founding members of the UN and one of the G20 industrial nations. It takes part in UN peacekeeping missions and contributes to the second largest number of troops to the UN
  • India gained independence from the UK in 1947. They remain in the commonwealth
140
Q

What is India like as a country environmentally?

A
  • Richest Biodiversity. While elephants and tigers are well known, its diversity includes 6% of the worlds bird and plant species
  • Worst environmental problems, with land, air, and water pollution. India is the worlds 3rd greatest emitter of greenhouse gases
141
Q

What is India like as a country culturally?

A
  • It is the birthplace of 4 of the worlds major religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism
  • It is diverse, in 2011, 78% of the country practised Hinduism, 15% Islam, 2.5% Christianity, and 2% Sikhism
  • Has amongst the worlds most ancient cultures, with Hindu civilisations traced back 5000 years
  • Has the worlds largest film industry, Bollywood, producing over 1200 films a year
142
Q

What has happened to India’s GDP since 1990?

A

India’s GDP has steadily grown since 1990, with an average increase of 7% in the last 2 decades. Since 1990, India’s GDP per capita has increased by $1500 to $1800. India’s economy is now the 3rd largest in the world with a GDP of $2.9 trillion. An anomaly is in 2008 when the growth rate plateaued

143
Q

What has happened to India’s economic sectors since 1950?

A

Since 1950, services and industry employment rates have increased, but the employment rate for agriculture has massively decreased. Since 1950 the employment rate for services has almost doubled, from 30% to 59%. The employment rate for industry has increased by 10%, however has plateaued in recent years. The employment rate for agriculture has dropped massively, from 52% to 14%, a 73% decrease

144
Q

What has happened to India’s trade since 1990?

A

From 1995 to 2002 imports where the same as exports at around $50 billion. However since 2003 both imports and exports have rapidly increased with imports now at $425 billion and exports at $300 billion. Since 1995 imports have increased by $400 billion and exports have increased by $275 billion. An anomaly is in 2008 when both imports and exports dropped by $50 billion, disrupting the growth. The trade deficit is now $125 billion

145
Q

What has happened to India’s FDI since 1990?

A

Since 1995, both India’s inward and outward FDI stocks have risen massively. In 1995, India’s inward stocks where $5.6 billion and outward was $0.5 billion. Since then the inward stocks have risen by $246.7 billion to $252.3 billion, outward stocks have risen by $129.1 billion to $129.6 billion

146
Q

What are India’s main exports?

A

petroleum products. gems and jewellery, pharmaceutical products, and transport equipment

147
Q

What are India’s main imports?

A

Oil, gold, silver, and electronic goods

148
Q

What are the BRICS?

A 
Brazil
Russia
India
China
South Africa
149
Q

What is the importance of the BRICS?

A

The BRICS are growing economically at a rate much faster than that of developed countries

150
Q

What are the 3 fastest economically growing countries?

A

1) China
2) India
3) Russia

151
Q

What has been the growth rate of the BRICS economy compared to developed nations?

A

The BRICS develop their economy at a much higher rate that developed countries, however in recent years the growth rate of the BRICS has decreased but the growth rate of developed countries has increased

152
Q

Where do the majority of India’s exports go?

A

The majority of India’s exports go to Asia. An example of this is the clustering in the middle east. However, 18% of exports go outside of Asia, these include 5% to the USA, 5% to Switzerland and 3% to Germany

153
Q

Where do the majority of India’s imports come from?

A

The majority of India’s imports come from Asia. An example of this is the clustering in the middle east. However, 24% of imports come from outside of Asia, an example of this is 8% from Europe and 16% from the Americas

154
Q

What is outsourcing?

A

Outsourcing is when companies build factories/buildings in emerging countries to save money on labour costs

155
Q

What type of outsourcing has India benefited from?

A

Call Centres

156
Q

Where is BT based in India

A

Bangalore

157
Q

Why is BT based in Bangalore in India?

A

The Indian government offers reduced taxes to attract companies there. BT is also footloose meaning it is able to operate anywhere with fast and reliable internet

158
Q

Why type of outsourcing does BT do in India?

A

Call Centres

159
Q

What are the Pros of basing call centres in cities such as Bangalore?

A

Unlike manufacturing companies, companies in the new economy are not tied to locations where raw materials are available. They are “footloose” - they can locate anywhere - as long as high-quality communication links are available. Places such as bangalore also have lower minimum wages

160
Q

How has the expansion of road systems allowed India to develop?

A

The expansion of road systems in India has allowed them to rapidly develop. From 1990 to 2012, India’s road system has nearly doubled in length, from 3 million km to over 6 million km. These investments have allowed people to move around faster and easier

161
Q

How has the expansion of aircrafts and airports allowed India to develop?

A

The expansion of India’s airports and aircrafts has allowed them to rapidly develop. Imports from India by plane are 70x more valuable than those transported by sea. Airports also allow businesses leaders to arrive in India with their TNC’s. India now has 11 international and 86 domestic airports

162
Q

How has the expansion of seaports allowed India to develop?

A

The expansion of seaports has allowed India to develop rapidly. India has 12 major and 185 minor seaports, 95% of volume and 70% of value of India’s foreign trade is carried by ship. This allows India to easily import and export goods, boosting their development.

163
Q

How has giving and receiving aid to countries helped India’s rapid economic development?

A

India now sends aid to other developing countries such as Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan. In 2014-15 it was anticipated that Indian foreign aid expenditure was $1.3 billion, more than double its foreign aid recipients. India is one of the few emerging countries to change from being a recipient to a donor - this improves relations with other countries and trade volume increases

164
Q

How has investing heavily in schools helped India’s rapid economic development?

A

Investing heavily in schools and universities has allowed better skills to be learnt and therefore more money to be earnt. In India, school is free and compulsory for all children between 6 and 14. Now over 96% of students attend school.

165
Q

How has building good infrastructure helped India’s rapid economic development?

A

Building good infrastructure allows easier trade as their can be a better flow and easier movement of people. India has invested heavily into its road and rail network, India has the biggest rail network in the world. A 16.9km long freeway is being build to improve the present situation with traffic and other transport demands, it connects various parts of the country.

166
Q

How has encouraging FDI helped India’s rapid economic development?

A

Encouraging FDI allows companies to buy land, companies, and buildings. This makes it easier for Indian companies to forge international links.

167
Q

Explain why India attracts foreign direct investment from TNC’s and how this helps economic development

A
  • India attracts FDI from TNC’s as they are a newly emerged industrialised country.
  • Also, in the 1990’s economic reforms allowed the country to be opened up to FDI. This attracts TNC’s as there are relaxed investment rules.
  • India also attracts TNC’s as TNC’s can outsource factories/centres due to there being lower labour costs.
168
Q

What is a top down approach aid scheme?

A

When a government or large organisation (e.g. an IGO or a TNC) makes decisions about how to increase development and direct the profit

169
Q

What is a bottom up aid scheme?

A

Local people and communities decide on ways to improve things for their own community. NGO’s are often involved

170
Q

What is an NGO?

A

A Non-Government Organisation. NGO’s operate independently of any government, typically one who’s purpose is to address a social or political issue

171
Q

What is an IGO?

A

Inter-Government Organisation. IGO’s are an entity created by a treaty, involving 2 or more nations, to work in good faith on issues of common interest

172
Q

What is intermediate technology and why is it well suited for developing countries?

A

Intermediate technology uses low-tech solutions using local materials, labour and expertise to solve problems. They are well suited for developing countries as they use local materials and you do not require any skills to build/maintain it

173
Q

What type of scheme is ASTRA Biogas aid?

A

Bottom up approach

174
Q

What is ASTRA Biogas aid?

A

Using intermediate technology of biogas collectors in rural India built from local materials to provide energy/fuel. This eliminates the need for fuel wood

175
Q

Why is there a need for ASTRA Biogas aid?

A

Most rural families often spend a lot of time collecting fuel, preparing and cooking food, tending sacred cows, and looking after the vegetable patch. Every week 25-30kg of fuel wood is needed and it takes hours to collect. The solution was to use cow dung to produce biogas, meaning they will not have to collect fuelwood

176
Q

Who provides labour and money for ASTRA Biogas aid?

A

An NGO called ASTRA provided the money and technology directly to the rural families as it is a bottom up scheme. However, due to it being intermediate technology, skills are not required to build and maintain it meaning that labour and maintenance was provided by the people living in the rural area

177
Q

What are the pros of ASTRA Biogas aid?

A
  • Cooking with gas provides a smoke-free kitchen, less lung infections
  • Heat is instant, so cooking is quicker
  • There’s no ash, so less cleaning
  • Less time spent collecting firewood, so there is more time to go to school/education
  • When the dung is fed into the digester, micro-organisms that cause disease are destroyed as the dung ferments
  • After digestion, the sludge is richer in nutrients than raw dung, so it makes a better fertiliser
  • Biogas collectors power generators that provide light at night and pump drinking and irrigation water from underground, meaning that farmers can get 3 crops of vegetables a year using pumped water
  • Cattle are kept in family compound making dung collection easier and preventing them eating saplings and preventing trees growing
178
Q

What are the cons of ASTRA Biogas aid?

A

*Requires a constant supply of cow dung and water

179
Q

What type of scheme is Sardar Sarovar Dam?

A

Top Down approach

180
Q

What is Sardar Sarovar Dam?

A

Using high-tech solutions in form of a dam to provide drinking water and electricity for many people in India

181
Q

Why is there a need for Sardar Sarovar Dam?

A

Over much of India, rainfall is seasonal and unevenly spread. Between November and March, almost no rain falls across most of India. Then, between may and September, the monsoon brings heavy rain across India. Dams make it possible to store these rains for the dry season

182
Q

Who provides labour and money for Sardar Sarovar Dam?

A

IGO’s would provide both the money and the labour. This is because it is a high-tech scheme and requires skilled workers to build and maintain it

183
Q

What are the pros of Sardar Sarovar Dam?

A
  • The dam is multipurpose, providing 3.5 billion litres of drinking water daily, and hydroelectric power
  • A network of canals will irrigate 1.8 million hectares of farmland in wester India. This will prevent these states suffering droughts which can cause loss of crops and animals
184
Q

What are the cons of Sardar Sarovar Dam?

A
  • 234 villages have been flooded by the dam, forcing 320,000 people out. Few rural families can afford electricity from the scheme - only cities benefit
  • Good quality farmland has been flooded. Damming river means that fertile sediment deposited on flood plains each year is lost
  • Religious and historic sites in western India have been flooded
  • The area has a history of seismic activity. Seismologists believe that the weight of the large dams can trigger earthquakes, which can destroy the dam and cause massive loss of life
185
Q

How is India’s population expected to change over time?

A

India’s population is expected to continue to rise (but at a much slower rate) until 2050, it is then expected to maintain, and even slightly decrease in population. This is because people are having fewer and fewer children. Also, it is expected for there to be a much higher population over the age of 80, this is because life expectancy is increasing. This is good as there is a higher life expectancy, however there is also going to be a much higher % of dependent people

186
Q

How has rapid economic growth affected age of marriage in India?

A

Women develop a career due to education and this results in a later marriage

187
Q

How has rapid economic growth affected infant mortality rates in India?

A

In the early 1970’s the infant mortality rate was 12.9%, this fell to 4% in 2013

188
Q

How has rapid economic growth affected Maternal Mortality rates in India?

A

The maternal mortality rate was 0.56% in 1990, this dropped to 0.167% in 2013

189
Q

How has rapid economic growth affected death rate in India?

A

The total death rate was 1% in 1991, this dropped to 0.735% in 2014

190
Q

How has rapid economic growth affected fertility rate in India?

A

Fertility rate was 4.00 in 1991, this dropped to 2.5 in 2014

191
Q

How has rapid economic growth affected the dependency ratio in India?

A

The dependency ratio was 70.4 in 1991, this dropped to 51.8 in 2014

192
Q

How has rapid economic growth affected Urban% in India?

A

In 2000 the Urban % was 30.9, in 2015 this rose to 32.7%

193
Q

How has rapid economic growth affected fastest and slowest growing regions in India?

A

In 2014 the GDP per capita in India was $1600, The richest state was Goa which had a GDP per capita of $5000, the poorest was Bihar which had a GDP per capita of $700

194
Q

What is a Choropleth map?

A

Choropleth maps are maps which show information using colour.

195
Q

What are the pros of a Choropleth map?

A
  • Very clear to compare regions
196
Q

What are the cons of a choropleth map?

A
  • Very large areas - does not show wealth disparity within these areas
  • Large data bands (i.e. 3000 - 4000)
  • Can be difficult to read colours
  • Shows averages for different areas
197
Q

Describe the distribution of GDP in India

A

In India there is a large wealth disparity. Areas in the south/south west of India have a much higher GDP per capita than those in the north/north east. An example of this is in Kerala (south west) where the GDP per capita is $2500 to $3000, and in Bihar (north east) where the GDP per capita is < $750. However, there are some anomalies, in Sikkim (north east) there is a GDP per capita of > $4000, and in Lakshadweep (south west) there is a GDP per capita of < $700

198
Q

What method do you use to answer question including figures?

A

Pattern
Evidence
Anomalies
Key

199
Q

When did India’s economy start to develop rapidly and why?

A

1991, due to economic liberalisation which promoted free trade. This allowed TNC’s to invest in India

200
Q

What are 2 negative impacts from rapid economic development in an emerging country?

A
  • Large corporations who have invested in the emerging countries may not provide good human rights and may employ children who will miss out on education
  • Air pollution from increased emissions can cause breathing problems and potentially death in the young and elderly
201
Q

How has India’s international role changed due to economic development?

A
  • India’s relationships with its neighbours are tense. India and Pakistan both lay claim to Kashmir and both have troops stationed in the area.
  • India wishes to become a member of the UN Security Council which will see its international role develop further.
  • India is a member of the G20 and is a key trading partner with the EU and the USA.
202
Q

How do systems of governance cause inequalities?

A

If a countries government is highly corrupt, it can cause high levels of inequality. This is because government funds are more likely to be siphoned or be persuaded to be directed away from investment into social factors such as hospitals and education. This causes areas to become deprived as it lacks social services, increasing the level of inequality both nationally and globally.

203
Q

What are 2 negative impacts from rapid economic development in an emerging country?

A
  • Emerging countries that are rapidly becoming industrialised may greatly increase their greenhouse gas emissions. This increases air pollution, decreasing life expectancy. This can be especially dangerous to the young and old.
  • rapid economic development might be at the cost of workers right and fair wages. TNC’s are attracted to locate in areas with a lower minimum wage. TNC’s may also hire children to work in factories - causing them to spend less time in school and therefore receiving a poorer education
204
Q

What is the Clark Fisher Model?

A

Model showing how economic sectors change with economic development

GCSE Geography (8 decks)

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